Editing Fu Manchu (section)

== In other media ==
=== Film ===
Dr Fu Manchu first appeared on the big screen in the British silent film series ''The Mystery of Dr Fu Manchu'' (1923) starring [[Harry Agar Lyons]], a series of 15 short feature films, each running around 20 minutes. Lyons returned to the role in ''The Further Mysteries of Dr Fu Manchu'' (1924), which comprised eight additional short feature films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/503748/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Mystery of Dr Fu Manchu, The (1923)|work=screenonline.org.uk|access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Workman |first1=Christopher |last2=Howarth |first2=Troy |year=2016 |title=Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era |publisher=Midnight Marquee Press |page=268 |isbn=978-1936168-68-2}}.</ref>

Dr Fu Manchu made his American film debut in [[Paramount Pictures]]' early talkie ''[[The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu]]'' (1929) starring [[Warner Oland]], soon to be known for his portrayal of [[Charlie Chan]]. Oland repeated the role in ''[[The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu]]'' (1930) and ''[[Daughter of the Dragon]]'' (1931) as well as in the short film ''Murder Will Out'' (part of the omnibus film ''[[Paramount on Parade]]'') in which Dr. Fu Manchu confronts both [[Philo Vance]] and [[Sherlock Holmes]].<ref name="Hanke">{{Cite book|last=Hanke|first=Ken|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dnq4DgAAQBAJ&q=Dr.+Fu+Manchu+made+his+American+film+debut+in+Paramount%27s+early+talkie%2C+The+Mysterious+Dr.+Fu+Manchu+%281929%29+starring+Warner+Oland%2C+soon+to+be+known+fo&pg=PT15|title=Charlie Chan at the Movies: History, Filmography, and Criticism|date=2011-01-14|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8661-8}}</ref>

The most controversial incarnation of the character was [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]'s ''[[The Mask of Fu Manchu]]'' (1932) starring [[Boris Karloff]] and [[Myrna Loy]]. At the time of its first release the film was considered racist and offensive by representatives of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)#Government|Chinese government]]. The film was suppressed for many years, but has been released on [[DVD]] uncut.<ref name="Hanke"/>

Dr Fu Manchu returned to the serial format in [[Republic Pictures]]' ''[[Drums of Fu Manchu]]'' (1940), a 15-episode serial considered to be one of the best the studio ever made. It was later edited and released as a feature film in 1943.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mathis|first=Jack|title=Valley of the Cliffhangers Supplement|publisher=Jack Mathis Advertising|year=1995|isbn=0-9632878-1-8|pages=3, 10, 44–45}}</ref>

Other than an obscure, unauthorized Spanish spoof ''El Otro Fu Manchu'' (1946), the Devil Doctor was absent from the big screen for 25 years, until producer [[Harry Alan Towers]] began a series starring [[Christopher Lee]] in 1965. Towers and Lee made five Fu Manchu films: ''[[The Face of Fu Manchu]]'' (1965), ''[[The Brides of Fu Manchu]]'' (1966), ''[[The Vengeance of Fu Manchu]]'' (1967), ''[[The Blood of Fu Manchu]]'' (1968), and ''[[The Castle of Fu Manchu]]'' (1969).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/503646/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Face of Fu Manchu, The (1965)|work=screenonline.org.uk|access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>

The character's last authorised film appearance was in the [[Peter Sellers]] spoof ''[[The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu]]'' (1980), with Sellers featured as both Dr Fu Manchu and Nayland Smith. The film bore little resemblance to any earlier film or the original books. Fu Manchu claims he was known as "Fred" at public school, a reference to the character in "The Terrible Revenge of Fred Fu Manchu", a 1955 episode of ''[[The Goon Show]]'' which had co-starred Sellers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Roger |author-link=Roger Lewis (biographer) |title=The Life and Death of Peter Sellers |publisher=Random House |year=1995 |page=210}}</ref>

[[Jesús Franco]], who directed ''[[The Blood of Fu Manchu]]'' and ''[[The Castle of Fu Manchu]]'', also directed ''[[The Girl from Rio (1969 film)|The Girl from Rio]]'', the second of three [[Harry Alan Towers]] films based on Rohmer's Fu Manchu-like female character [[Sumuru]]. He later directed an unauthorized 1986 Spanish film featuring Dr Fu Manchu's daughter, ''Esclavas del Crimen''.<ref name="Hanke"/>

In the film ''[[Grindhouse (film)|Grindhouse]]'' (2007), [[Nicolas Cage]] makes an uncredited comedic cameo appearance as Dr Fu Manchu during the "trailer" for the fake film ''Werewolf Women of the SS'', directed by [[Rob Zombie]].

A [[composite character]] of [[Zheng Zu|Fu Manchu]] and [[Mandarin (character)|the Mandarin]], named [[Xu Wenwu]], appears in [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four]] film ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings]]'', portrayed by [[Tony Leung Chiu-wai]]. The character was previously referenced in the ''Iron Man'' trilogy and ''[[All Hail the King]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Outlaw |first1=Kofi |title=Shang-Chi Casting May Confirm Major Mandarin Origin Retcon in MCU |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/07/25/shang-chi-movie-origin-mandarin-father-son/ |website=comicbook.com |date=25 July 2019 |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> [[Xialing]], Wenwu's daughter and [[Shang-Chi (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Shang-Chi]]'s sister, was partially inspired by Fah Lo Suee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Poisuo|first=Pauli|date=2021-08-26|title=The Untold Truth of Marvel's Xialing|url=https://www.looper.com/586522/the-untold-truth-of-marvels-xialing/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Looper.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=S|first1=Ian|last2=well|date=2021-09-05|title=Shang-Chi's best Easter eggs and MCU references|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a37442135/shang-chi-easter-eggs-mcu-references/|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Digital Spy|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Television ===
A half-hour pilot was produced in 1952 for [[NBC]]'s consideration starring [[Cedric Hardwicke]] as Sir [[Denis Nayland Smith]], [[John Carradine]] as Dr. Fu Manchu, and [[Reed Hadley]] as Dr. John Petrie. NBC turned it down without broadcasting it, but it has been screened at special events.

The television arm of [[Republic Pictures]] produced a 13-episode syndicated series, ''[[The Adventures of Dr. Fu Manchu]]'' (1956), starring [[Glen Gordon]] as Dr. Fu Manchu, [[Lester Matthews]] as Sir Denis Nayland Smith, and [[Clark Howat]] as Dr. John Petrie. The title sequence depicted Smith and Dr. Fu Manchu in a game of chess as the announcer stated that "the devil is said to play for men's souls. So does Dr. Fu Manchu, evil incarnate." At the conclusion of each episode, after Nayland Smith and Petrie had foiled Dr. Fu Manchu's latest fiendish scheme, Dr. Fu Manchu would be seen breaking a black chess piece in a fit of frustration (black king's bishop, always the same scene, repeated) just before the closing credits rolled. It was directed by [[Franklin Adreon]], as well as [[William Witney]]. Dr. Fu Manchu was never allowed to succeed in this TV series. Unlike the Holmes/Watson type relationship of the films, the series featured Smith as a law enforcement officer and Petrie as a staff member for the [[Surgeon-General (United Kingdom)|Surgeon-General]].<ref name="Hanke"/> Though Republic had planned to film 78 episodes for the series, a dispute with Sax Rohmer ended the series after only 13 episodes were produced.

=== Music ===
* American [[stoner rock]] band [[Fu Manchu (band)|Fu Manchu]] was formed in [[Southern California]] in 1985.
* [[Desmond Dekker]] had a 1969 [[reggae]] song titled "Fu Man Chu".
* The [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]] song "Moustache" from the 1982 album ''[[Angst in My Pants]]'' includes a lyric "My Fu Manchu was real fine".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/8830275 |title=Sparks – Moustache Lyrics |work=Genius |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>
* [[The Rockin' Ramrods]] had a 1965 song based on the film ''The Face of Fu Manchu'', "Don't Fool with Fu Manchu".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=Ganim and Slay Get into Swing |magazine=Billboard |volume=77 |number=40 |date=2 October 1965 |page=20 |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>
* [[Quebec]] [[Rock music|rock]] singer [[Robert Charlebois]] included an epic three-part song titled "Fu Man Chu" on his 1972 album ''Charlebois''.
* Russian [[hardbass]] artist XS Project has a 2016 song named "Fu Manchu".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Xs-project-fu-manchu-lyrics |title=XS Project – Fu Manchu Lyrics |work=Genius |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>
* American [[country music]] singer [[Tim McGraw]] published a song called "[[Live Like You Were Dying]]". The song references Dr. Fu Manchu in the lyric "I went two point seven seconds on a bull named Fu Manchu".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim McGraw - Live Like You Were Dying Lyrics {{!}} Lyrics.com |url=https://www.lyrics.com/lyric/8685327/Live+Like+You+Were+Dying |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.lyrics.com}}</ref>
* American country music singer [[Travis Tritt]] published a song called "[[It's a Great Day to Be Alive]]". Dr. Fu Manchu's iconic moustache is referenced in the lyric "Might even grow me a Fu Manchu".<ref>{{cite web|title=Travis Tritt – It's A Great Day To Be Alive Lyrics |url=https://genius.com/Travis-tritt-its-a-great-day-to-be-alive-lyrics |work=Genius |access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>
* Japanese electronic music band [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]] published a song called "La Femme Chinoise", in which they reference the supervillain: "Fu Manchu and Susie Que and the girls of the floating world".<ref>{{Citation |title=YELLOW MAGIC ORCHESTRA (Ft. Tomoko Nunoi) – 中国女 (LA FEMME CHINOISE) |url=https://genius.com/Yellow-magic-orchestra-la-femme-chinoise-lyrics |access-date=2022-12-20}}</ref>
* American rock musician [[Black Francis]] released a song entitled "Fu Manchu" on his 1993 solo album ''[[Frank Black (album)|Frank Black]]'', which references both the style of moustache as well as the character after which it was named.
* British band [[The Kinks]] song 'The Village Green Preservation Society', released in 1968, includes a reference to Fu Manchu in the lyric "Help save Fu Manchu, Moriarty and Dracula".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Kinks – The Village Green Preservation Society Lyrics |url=https://genius.com/The-kinks-the-village-green-preservation-society-lyrics |work=Genius |access-date=2024-01-11}}</ref>

=== Radio ===
Dr. Fu Manchu's earliest radio appearances were on ''[[The Collier Hour]]'' 1927–1931 on the [[Blue Network]]. This was a radio program designed to promote ''[[Collier's]]'' magazine and presented weekly dramatizations of the current issue's stories and serials. Dr. Fu Manchu was voiced by [[Arthur Hughes (American actor)|Arthur Hughes]]. A self-titled show on [[CBS]] followed in 1932–33. John C. Daly, and later [[Harold Huber]], played Dr. Fu Manchu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Jeffrey |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmKJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |chapter=The Devil Doctors: Cinematic Fu Manchu |title=China and the Chinese in Popular Film: From Fu Manchu to Charlie Chan |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2016 |page=34 |isbn=978-1-78453-720-3}}</ref>
In 2010, Fu Manchu's connections with the University of Edinburgh where he supposedly obtained a doctorate were investigated in a mockumentary by [[Miles Jupp]] for [[BBC Radio 4]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rt91z|title=Fu Manchu in Edinburgh|publisher=BBC Radio 4 Extra|access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>
Additionally, there were [[Pirate radio|"pirate" broadcasts]] from [[Continental Europe|the continent]] into Britain, from [[Radio Luxembourg]] and Radio Lyons in 1936 through 1937. [[Frank Cochrane]] voiced Dr. Fu Manchu.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Grams|first=Martin Jr. |author-link=Martin Grams Jr.|url=http://www.otrr.org/FILES/Articles/Martin_Grams_Jr_Articles/In_The_Shadow_Of_Fu_Manchu.htm |title=In the Shadow of Fu Manchu|magazine=Scarlet Street |issue=39 |date=2000 |via=Old Time Radio Researchers Group|access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> The BBC produced a competing radio play, ''The Peculiar Case at the Poppy Club'' written by Rohmer and broadcast in December 1938. In 1939, ''[[The Shadow of Fu Manchu]]'' aired in the United States as a thrice-weekly serial dramatizing the first nine novels.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cox |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Cox (historian) |title=Radio Crime Fighters |place=Jefferson, North Carolina |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=2002 |isbn=0-7864-1390-5 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2020}}

=== Comic strips ===
Dr. Fu Manchu was first brought to newspaper comic strips in a black and white [[daily comic strip]] drawn by Leo O'Mealia (1884–1960) that ran from 1931 to 1933. The strips were adaptations of the first two Dr. Fu Manchu novels and part of the third.<ref name="RonGoulart">{{cite book | first=Ron | last=Goulart | author-link=Ron Goulart | title=The Funnies: 100 Years of American Comic Strips | location=Holbrook, Mass | publisher=Adams Publishing | year=1995 | isbn=978-1-55850-539-1 | pages=104, 106 }}</ref><ref name="comics">{{cite magazine|last=Maynard |first=William Patrick |url=https://www.blackgate.com/2010/07/23/fu-manchu-in-comics/ |title=Fu Manchu in Comics |magazine=Black Gate |date=23 July 2010|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> Unlike most other illustrators, O'Mealia drew Dr. Fu Manchu as a clean-shaven man with an abnormally large cranium. The strips were copyrighted by "Sax Rohmer and The [[Bell Syndicate]], Inc."<ref name="RonGoulart"/> Two of the Dr. Fu Manchu comic strip storylines were reprinted in the 1989 book ''Fu Manchu: Two Complete Adventures''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rohmer|first1=Sax|author-link=Sax Rohmer |last2=O'Mealia|first2=Leo |last3=Mason|first3=Tom |title=Fu Manchu: Two Complete Adventures |place=Newbury Park, CA |publisher=[[Malibu Graphics]] |year=1989 |isbn=0-944735-24-X}}</ref> In 1940, the [[Chicago Tribune]] published an adaptation of ''[[Drums of Fu Manchu]]'', at first it was a [[photo comics]], but later it was illustrated by a unicredit artist.

Between 1962 and 1973, the French newspaper ''[[Le Parisien Libéré]]'' published a comic strip by [[Juliette Benzoni]] (script) and Robert Bressy (art).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ratier |first=Gilles |url=http://bdzoom.com/69109/actualites/le-retour-de-fu-manchu-et-de-pressibus%E2%80%A6/ |title=Le retour de Fu-Manchu, et de Pressibus... ! |work=BDZoom.com |date=1 December 2013 |language=fr |access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref>

=== Comic books ===
[[File:Dr Fu Manchu I W Publishing.jpg|thumb|upright|[[I. W. Publications]]' ''Dr. Fu Manchu'' (1958), reprinting material from [[Avon Comics]], cover art by [[Carl Burgos]]]]
* Dr. Fu Manchu made his first comic book appearance in ''[[Detective Comics]]'' #17 and continued, as one feature among many in the anthology series, until #28. These were reprints of the earlier Leo O'Mealia strips. In 1943, the serial ''[[Drums of Fu Manchu]]'' was adapted by Spanish comic artist José Grau Hernández in 1943.<ref>{{cite book |last=Porcel Torrens |first=Pedro |title=La historia del tebeo valenciano |year=2002 |publisher=Edicions de Ponent |language=es |isbn=84-89929-38-6|pages=47–55, 69}}</ref> Original Dr. Fu Manchu stories in comics had to wait for [[Avon Comics|Avon]]'s one-shot ''The Mask of Dr. Fu Manchu'' in 1951 by [[Wally Wood]].<ref name="comics"/> Fleetway published an adaptation of ''The Island of Fu Manchu'' in 1956 through their "pocket library" title ''Super Detective Library'' #9.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-02 |title=Super Detective Library |url=https://britishcomics.wordpress.com/2016/10/02/super-detective-library/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=British Comics |language=en}}</ref>
* In the 1970s, [[Zheng Zu|Dr. Fu Manchu]] appeared as the father of the superhero [[Shang-Chi]] in the [[Marvel Comics]] series ''[[Master of Kung Fu (comics)|Master of Kung Fu]].''<ref name="comics"/> However, [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] cancelled the book in 1983 and issues over licensing the character and concepts from the novels (such as his daughter Fah Lo Suee and adversaries Sir Denis Nayland Smith and Dr. Petrie) have hampered Marvel's ability to both collect the series in trade paperback format and reference Dr. Fu Manchu as Shang-Chi's father. As such, the character is either never mentioned by name, or by an alias (such as "Mr. Han").<ref>''Black Panther'' (vol. 4) #11</ref> In ''Secret Avengers'' #6–10, writer [[Ed Brubaker]] officially sidestepped the entire issue via a storyline where the [[Shadow Council]] resurrect a zombified version of Dr. Fu Manchu, only to discover that "Dr. Fu Manchu" was only an alias; that Shang-Chi's father was really Zheng Zu, an ancient Chinese sorcerer who discovered the secret to immortality.<ref>{{cite web|last=Richards |first=Dave |url=https://www.cbr.com/benson-unleashes-shang-chis-deadly-hands-of-kung-fu/ |title=Benson Unleashes Shang-Chi's "Deadly Hands of Kung Fu" |work=Comic Book Resources |date=4 April 2014 |access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> Later, Fah Lo Suee was renamed [[Zheng Bao Yu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shang-Chi Comics Explained: Where The Next MCU Movie Came From|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/shang-chi-comics-explained-where-the-next-mcu-movie-came-from/1100-6495745/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=GameSpot|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Young|first=Aaron|date=2021-05-06|title=These Are Shang-Chi's Biggest Foes|url=https://www.looper.com/402132/these-are-shang-chis-biggest-foes/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Looper.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Dr. Fu Manchu appears as an antagonist in [[Alan Moore]]'s ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]''. Simply called "the Doctor", he is the first to steal the [[Cavorite]] that the League is sent to retrieve. He is apparently killed in the climactic battle with [[Professor Moriarty]].
* Fu Manchu makes a cameo appearance in an issue of the ''[[Team Fortress 2]]'' web comics. In the comics, Fu Manchu is a spy and one of nine mercenaries hired at some point in the 1850s by twins Redmond and Blutarch Mann to fight in the "Gravel War", a conflict about the lands in New Mexico owned by the brothers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Fortress - Catch-Up Comic |url=https://www.teamfortress.com/catchup/#f=9 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.teamfortress.com}}</ref> 

=== Role-playing games ===
Fu Manchu appears in the adventures [[Night Moves (adventure)|''Night Moves'']] and ''Night Live'' for the role-playing game ''[[Marvel Super Heroes (role-playing game)|Marvel Super Heroes]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fu Manchu |url=http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix4/fumanchu.htm |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe}}</ref>