Editing Frantz Fanon (section)

==Legacy==
Fanon has had an influence on anti-colonial and [[national liberation movements]]. In particular, ''Les damnés de la terre'' was a major influence on the work of revolutionary leaders such as [[Ali Shariati]] in Iran, [[Steve Biko]] in South Africa, [[Malcolm X]] in the United States and [[Ernesto Che Guevara]] in [[Cuba]]. Of these, only Guevara was primarily concerned with Fanon's theories on violence;<ref>{{Cite web|title="Black Skin White Mask" Documentary About Revolutionary Frantz Fanon|url=https://originalpeople.org/black-skin-white-mask-documentary-revolutionary-frantz-fanon/|date=5 October 2013|website=Originalpeople.org|language=en-US|access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020033109/https://originalpeople.org/black-skin-white-mask-documentary-revolutionary-frantz-fanon/|url-status=dead}}</ref> for Shariati and Biko the main interest in Fanon was "the new man" and "[[Black Consciousness Movement|black consciousness]]" respectively.<ref>[[Lewis Gordon|Lewis R. Gordon]], T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, & Renee T. White (eds), ''Fanon: A Critical Reader'' (1996: Oxford: Blackwell), p. 163, and Bianchi, Eugene C., ''The Religious Experience of Revolutionaries'' (1972: Doubleday), p. 206.</ref>

With regard to the American liberation struggle more commonly known as [[Black Power movement|The Black Power Movement]], Fanon's work was especially influential. His book ''Wretched of the Earth'' is quoted directly in the preface of [[Stokely Carmichael]] (Kwame Ture) and [[Charles V. Hamilton|Charles Hamilton]]'s book, ''[[Black Power: The Politics of Liberation]]''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Black power: the politics of liberation in America|author=Carmichael, Stokely|date=1992|publisher=Vintage Books|others=Hamilton, Charles V.|isbn=978-0679743132|edition=Vintage|location=New York|oclc=26096713|url=https://archive.org/details/blackpowerpoliti00carm_0}}</ref> which was published in 1967, shortly after Carmichael left the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC). In addition, Carmichael and Hamilton include much of Fanon's theory on [[Colonialism]] in their work, beginning by framing the situation of former slaves in America as a colony situated inside a nation. "To put it another way, there is no "American dilemma" because black people in this country form a colony, and it is not in the interest of the colonial power to liberate them" (Ture Hamilton, 5).<ref name=":3" /> Another example is the indictment of the black middle class or what Fanon called the "colonized intellectual" as the indoctrinated followers of the colonial power. Fanon states, "The native intellectual has clothed his aggressiveness in his barely veiled desire to assimilate himself to the colonial world" (47).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fanon, Frantz |title=The wretched of the earth |date=1983 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780140224542 |location=Harmondsworth |oclc=12480619}}</ref> A third example is the idea that the natives (African Americans) should be constructing new social systems rather than participating in the systems created by the settler population. Ture and Hamilton contend that "black people should create rather than imitate" (144).<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Minneapolis Police Department, Fourth Precinct, Plymouth Avenue (22661529559).jpg|alt=Banner outside the Minneapolis Police Department fourth precinct.|thumb|Banner outside the Minneapolis Police Department fourth precinct following the officer-involved shooting of Jamar Clark on November 15, 2015.]]
The Black Power group that Fanon had the most influence on was the [[Black Panther Party]] (BPP). In 1970 [[Bobby Seale]], the Chairman of the BPP, published a collection of recorded observations made while he was incarcerated entitled ''[[Seize The Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton|Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton]]''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Seize the time: the story of the Black Panther party and Huey P. Newton|author=Seale, Bobby|date=1991|publisher=Black Classic Press|isbn=978-0933121300|location=Baltimore, Md.|oclc=24636234}}</ref> This book, while not an academic text, is a primary source chronicling the history of the BPP through the eyes of one of its founders. While describing one of his first meetings with [[Huey P. Newton]], Seale describes bringing him a copy of ''Wretched of the Earth''. There are at least three other direct references to the book, all of them mentioning ways in which the book was influential and how it was included in the curriculum required of all new BPP members. Beyond just reading the text, Seale and the BPP included much of the work in their party platform. The Panther 10 Point Plan contained six points which either directly or indirectly referenced ideas in Fanon's work; these six points included their contention that there must be an end to the "robbery by the white man", and "education that teaches us our true history and our role in present day society" (67).<ref name=":4" /> One of the most important elements adopted by the BPP was the need to build the "humanity" of the native. Fanon claimed that the realization by the native that s/he was human would mark the beginning of the push for freedom (33).<ref name=":2" /> The BPP embraced this idea through the work of their Community Schools and [[Free Breakfast for Children|Free Breakfast Programs]].

Bolivian [[Indigenismo|Indianist]] [[Fausto Reinaga]] also had some Fanon influence and he mentions ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'' in his [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]] ''La Revolución India'', advocating for decolonisation of native [[South America]]ns from European influence. In 2015, [[Raúl Zibechi]] argued that Fanon had become a key figure for the [[Latin America]]n [[Left-wing politics|left]].<ref>[http://compamanuel.com/2015/09/19/zibechi-red-hot-interest-in-fanon/ Red-hot interest in Fanon], Raul Zibechi, 2015</ref> In August 2021 Fanon's book ''Voices of liberation'' was one of those brought by [[Elisa Loncón]] to the new "plurinational library" of the [[Constitutional Convention (Chile)|Constitutional Convention of Chile]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Los libros que mostró Elisa Loncon en la Convención y que apuntan a una "biblioteca plurinacional"|url=https://www.latercera.com/culto/2021/08/03/los-libros-que-mostro-elisa-loncon-en-la-convencion-y-que-apuntan-a-una-biblioteca-plurinacional/|last=Retamal N.|first=Pablo|date=3 August 2021|access-date=10 August 2021|work=[[La Tercera]]|language=Spanish}}</ref>

Fanon's influence extended to the liberation movements of the [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]], the [[Tamil people|Tamil]]s, [[African American]]s and others. His work was a key influence on the Black Panther Party, particularly his ideas concerning [[nationalism]], violence and the [[lumpenproletariat]]. More recently, radical South African poor people's movements, such as [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] (meaning 'people who live in shacks' in [[Zulu language|Zulu]]), have been influenced by Fanon's work.<ref>Gibson, Nigel C. (November 2008), [http://abahlali.org/files/uprightandfree.pdf "Upright and free: Fanon in South Africa, from Biko to the shackdwellers' movement (Abahlali baseMjondolo)]", ''Social Identities'', 14:6, pp. 683–715.</ref> His work was a key influence on Brazilian educationist [[Paulo Freire]], as well.

Fanon has also profoundly affected contemporary African literature. His work serves as an important theoretical gloss for writers including Ghana's [[Ayi Kwei Armah]], Senegal's [[Ken Bugul]] and [[Ousmane Sembène]], [[Zimbabwe]]'s [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], and [[Kenya]]'s [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]. Ngũgĩ goes so far to argue in ''[[Decolonising the Mind|Decolonizing the Mind]]'' (1992) that it is "impossible to understand what informs African writing" without reading Fanon's ''Wretched of the Earth''.<ref>Vincent B. Leitch et al. (eds), ''The Norton Anthology of Theory & Criticism'', second edition 2010: New York: W. W. Norton & Company [www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=393903&sn=Detai], Politicsweb, 25 July 2013.</ref>

The [[Caribbean Philosophical Association]] offers the Frantz Fanon Prize for work that furthers the decolonization and liberation of mankind.<ref>[http://www.enriquedussel.org/agenda_en.html] [[Enrique Dussel]] website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417010258/http://www.enriquedussel.org/agenda_en.html|date=17 April 2010}}</ref>

Fanon's writings on black sexuality in ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' have garnered critical attention by a number of academics and [[queer theory]] scholars. Interrogating Fanon's perspective on the nature of black homosexuality and masculinity, queer theory academics have offered a variety of critical responses to Fanon's words, balancing his position within [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial studies]] with his influence on the formation of contemporary black queer theory.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alessandrini|first1=Anthony C.|title=Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives|date=1999|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pellegrini|first1=Ann|title=Performance Anxieties: Staging Psychoanalysis, Staging Race|url=https://archive.org/details/performanceanxie0000pell|url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stecopoulos|first1=Harry|title=Race and the Subject of Masculinities|date=1997|publisher=Duke University Press|pages=31–38|chapter=Fanon: Race and Sexuality}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mars-Jones|first1=Adam|title=Black is the colour|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/black-is-the-colour-1257983.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mercer|first1=Kobena|editor1-last=Read|editor1-first=Alan|title=Decolonization and Disappointment: Reading Fanon's Sexual Politics|date=1996|publisher=Bay Press|location=Seattle|chapter=The fact of Blackness: Frantz Fanon and Visual Representation}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fuss|first1=Diana|title=Interior Colonies: Frantz Fanon and the Politics of Identification|journal=Diacritics|date=1994|volume=24|issue=2/3|pages=19–42|jstor=465162|doi=10.2307/465162}}</ref>

Fanon's legacy has expanded even further into Black Studies and more specifically, into the theories of [[Afro-pessimism (United States)|Afro-pessimism]] and Black critical theory. Thinkers such as [[Sylvia Wynter]], [[David Marriott]], [[Frank B. Wilderson III]], [[Jared Yates Sexton]], Calvin Warren, and Zakkiyah Iman Jackson have taken up Fanon's [[Ontology|ontological]], [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]], and [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] analyses of the Negro and the "zone of non-being" in order to develop theories of anti-Blackness. Putting Fanon in conversation with prominent thinkers such as Sylvia Wynter, [[Saidiya Hartman]], and [[Hortense Spillers]], and focusing primarily on the Charles Lam Markmann translation of ''Black Skin, White Masks'', Black critical theorists and Afropessimists take seriously the ontological implications of the "Fact of Blackness" and "The Negro and Psychopathology", formulating the Black or the Slave as the non-relational, phobic object that constitutes [[Antonio Gramsci|civil society]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Skin, White Masks|last=Fanon|first=Frantz|others=Markmann, Charles Lam., Sardar, Ziauddin., Bhabha, Homi K., 1949-|isbn=9781435691063|edition= New|location=London|oclc=298658340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Red, White & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms|last=Wilderson III|first=Frank B.|date=2010|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822346920|location=Durham, NC|oclc=457770963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Whither Fanon?: Studies in the Blackness of Being|last=Marriott|first=D.|year=2018|isbn=9780804798709|location=Stanford, California|oclc=999542477}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Amalgamation schemes: Antiblackness and the Critique of Multiracialism|last=Jared|first=Sexton|date=2008|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816656639|location=Minneapolis|oclc=318220788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America|last=Hartman|first=Saidiya V.|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195089839|location=New York|oclc=36417797}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ontological Terror: Blackness, Nihilism, and Emancipation|last=Warren|first=Calvin L.|isbn=9780822371847|location=Durham|oclc=1008764960|date = 10 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Black, White, and in Color: Essays on American Literature and Culture|last=Spillers|first=Hortense J.|date=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226769798|location=Chicago|oclc=50604796}}</ref>

===Fanon's writings===
* ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952), (1967 translation by Charles Lam Markmann: New York: [[Grove Press]])
* ''[[A Dying Colonialism]]'' (1959), (1965 translation by [[Haakon Chevalier]]: New York, Grove Press)
* ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961), (1963 translation by Constance Farrington: New York: Grove Weidenfeld)
* ''[[Toward the African Revolution]]'' (1964), (1969 translation by [[Haakon Chevalier]]: New York: Grove Press)
* ''Alienation and Freedom'' (2018), eds Jean Khalfa and [[Robert J. C. Young]], revised edition (translation by Steve Corcoran: London: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]])

===Books on Fanon===
* Williams, James S. (2023). [[Frantz Fanon (book)|Frantz Fanon]], [[Reaktion Books]].
* Anthony Alessandrini (ed.), ''Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives'' (1999, New York: Routledge)
* Gavin Arnall, ''Subterranean Fanon: An Underground Theory of Radical Change'' (2020, New York: Columbia University Press)
* Stefan Bird-Pollan, ''Hegel, Freud and Fanon: The Dialectic of Emancipation'' (2014, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)
* Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, ''Frantz Fanon and the Psychology Of Oppression'' (1985, New York: Plenum Press), {{ISBN|0-306-41950-5}}
* David Caute, ''Frantz Fanon'' (1970, London: Wm. Collins and Co.)
* [[Alice Cherki]], ''Frantz Fanon. Portrait'' (2000, Paris: Éditions du Seuil)
* Patrick Ehlen, ''Frantz Fanon: A Spiritual Biography'' (2001, New York: Crossroad 8th Avenue), {{ISBN|0-8245-2354-7}}
* Joby Fanon, ''Frantz Fanon, My Brother: Doctor, Playwright, Revolutionary'' (2014, United States: Lexington Books)
* Peter Geismar, ''Fanon'' (1971, Grove Press)
* Irene Gendzier, ''Frantz Fanon: A Critical Study'' (1974, London: Wildwood House), {{ISBN|0-7045-0002-7}}
* [[Nigel Gibson|Nigel C. Gibson]] (ed.), ''Rethinking Fanon: The Continuing Dialogue'' (1999, Amherst, New York: Humanity Books)
* Nigel C. Gibson, ''Fanon: The Postcolonial Imagination'' (2003, Oxford: Polity Press)
* Nigel C. Gibson, ''Fanonian Practices in South Africa'' (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan)
* Nigel C. Gibson (ed.), ''Living Fanon: Interdisciplinary Perspectives'' (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan and the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal Press)
* Nigel C. Gibson and Roberto Beneduce ''Frantz Fanon, Psychiatry and Politics'' (2017, London: Rowman and Littlefield International and The University of Witwatersrand Press)
* [[Alexander V. Gordon]], ''Frantz Fanon and the Fight for National Liberation'' (1977, Moscow: Nauka, in Russian)
* [[Lewis Gordon|Lewis R. Gordon]], ''Fanon and the Crisis of European Man: An Essay on Philosophy and the Human Sciences'' (1995, New York: Routledge)
* Lewis Gordon, ''What Fanon Said'' (2015, New York, Fordham) {{ISBN|9780823266081}}
* Lewis R. Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, & Renee T. White (eds), ''Fanon: A Critical Reader'' (1996, Oxford: Blackwell)
* Peter Hudis, ''Frantz Fanon: Philosopher of the Barricades'' (2015, London: Pluto Press)
* Christopher J. Lee, ''Frantz Fanon: Toward a Revolutionary Humanism'' (2015, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press)
* [[David Macey]], ''Frantz Fanon: A Biography'' (2012, 2nd ed., London: Verso), {{ISBN|978-1-844-67773-3}}
* David Marriott, ''Whither Fanon?: Studies in the Blackness of Being'' (2018, Palo Alto, Stanford UP), {{ISBN|9780804798709}}
* Richard C. Onwuanibe, ''A Critique of Revolutionary Humanism: Frantz Fanon'' (1983, St. Louis: Warren Green)
* Adam Shatz, ''The Rebel's Clinic: The Revolutionary Lives of Frantz Fanon'' (2024, Farrar, Straus and Giroux), {{ISBN|9780374176426}}
* [[Ato Sekyi-Otu]], ''Fanon's Dialectic of Experience'' (1996, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press)
* [[T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting]], ''Frantz Fanon: Conflicts and Feminisms'' (1998, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)
* Renate Zahar, ''Frantz Fanon: Colonialism and Alienation'' (1969, trans. 1974, Monthly Review Press)

===Films on Fanon===
* [[Isaac Julien]], ''Frantz Fanon: Black Skin White Mask'', a 1996 documentary (San Francisco: California Newsreel)
* ''[[Frantz Fanon, une vie, un combat, une œuvre]]'', a 2001 documentary
* [[Concerning Violence]]: Nine scenes from the Anti-Imperialist Self-Defense, a 2014 documentary written and directed by Göran Olsson that is based on Frantz Fanon's essay "Concerning Violence", from his 1961 book ''The Wretched of the Earth''.
* ''[[Luce (film)|Luce]]'' – the main character of the movie wrote a paper about Frantz Fanon and is said to be inspired by his ideology.
* {{ill|Fanon (film)|fr|Fanon (film)|italic=yes|lt=Fanon,}} a 2025 biopic directed by Jean-Claude Barny about Frantz Fanon's life and involvement in the Algerian independence movement.