Editing Foreign relations of India (section)

===North===
;Antigua and Barbuda
{{Main|Antigua and Barbuda–India relations}}
[[File:World Leaders' Summit Opening Ceremony (51646570087).jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] meeting Barbadian Prime Minister [[Mia Mottley]] at [[COP26]] in Glasgow, Scotland; November 2021]]
Both countries have established diplomatic relations and have an Extradition Arrangement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/leta.htm|title=MEA – List of Extradition Treaties/Arrangements|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=9 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212520/https://mea.gov.in/leta.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/AntiguaBarbuda.pdf|title=Antigua Barbuda|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=9 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212505/https://mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/AntiguaBarbuda.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Barbados
{{Main|Barbados–India relations}}

India and Barbados established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1966 (the date of Barbados' national independence).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Pananma.pdf|title=Archived copy|last=Anlicor|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=23 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823064558/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Pananma.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> On that date, the government of India gifted Barbados the throne in Barbados' national [[Barbados House of Assembly|House of Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/7 |title=The House of Assembly |publisher=The Barbados Parliament |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105154859/https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/7 |url-status=live }}</ref> India is represented in Barbados through its embassy in Suriname<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/October.pdf|title=Archived copy|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060527/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/October.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassysuriname.com/ |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Paramaribo, Suriname |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170620174845/http://www.indembassysuriname.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50047550 Barbados India Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114191606/http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50047550 |date=14 November 2011 }} (Note: to view this file, convert the extension of php to pdf.)</ref> and an Indian consulate in [[Holetown]], [[Saint James, Barbados|St. James]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Germany.pdf|title=Arhicved copy|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060532/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Germany.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011–12 the Indian-based firm Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, established the American University of Barbados (AUB), as the island's first Medical School for international students. In 2015 the governments of Barbados and India signed a joint Open Skies Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/|title=Barbados signs air services agreement with India|date=31 October 2015|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101235439/http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Today around 3,000 persons from India call Barbados home. Two-thirds are from India's Surat district of Gujarat known as Suratis. Most of the Suratis are involved in trading. The rest are of Sindhis ancestry.

;Belize
{{Main|Belize–India relations}}

India has an Honorary Consulate in [[Belize City]] and Belize has an Honorary Consulate in [[New Delhi]]. Bilateral trade stood at US$45.3 Million in 2014 and has steadily increased since. [[Belize]] and India have engaged in dialogue in [[Central American Integration System]] (SICA) discussing anti-terrorism, climate change and food security. India signed a [[Tax Information Exchange Agreement]] in 2013 with Belize. India also provides Belize with US$30 Million as part of its foreign aid commitment to SICA countries. Citizens of Belize are eligible for scholarships in Indian universities under [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].

The two nations share a close cultural link due to Belize's large East Indian Population, estimated at 4% of the total population.

;Canada
{{Main|Canada–India relations}}

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi welcomes the Prime Minister of Canada, Mr. Justin Trudeau and his Family, at the Ceremonial Reception, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on February 23, 2018.jpg|thumb|Canadian Prime Minister, [[Justin Trudeau]] receiving a welcome ceremony in [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], [[New Delhi]], with [[PM Narendra Modi]] along with his family. {{small|(2018)}}]]
Indo-Canadian relations are the longstanding bilateral relations between India and Canada, which are built upon a "mutual commitment to democracy", "pluralism", and "people-to-people links", according to the government of Canada. In 2004, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about C$2.45 billion. However, the botched handling of the [[Air India Flight 182|Air India investigation]] and the case, in general, suffered a setback to Indo-Canadian relations. India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the [[Colombo Plan]]. Although [[Jean Chrétien]] and [[Roméo LeBlanc]] both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted after the Pokhran-II tests.
Canada-India relations have been on an upward trajectory since 2005. Governments at all levels, private-sector organisations, academic institutes in two countries, and people-to-people contacts—especially diaspora networks—have contributed through individual and concerted efforts to significant improvements in the bilateral relationship.[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2017_-_Colnect_732906_-_Diwali_-_Joint_Issue_With_Canada.jpeg|left|thumb|Stamp of India - 2017 - Diwali - Joint Issue With Canada]]The two governments have agreed on important policy frameworks to advance the bilateral relationship. In particular, the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (signed in June 2010) and the current successful negotiations of the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) constitute a watershed in Canada-India relations.

The two governments have attempted to make up for lost time and are eager to complete CEPA negotiations by 2013 and ensure its ratification by 2014. After the conclusion of CEPA, Canada and India must define the areas for their partnership which will depend on their ability to convert common interests into common action and respond effectively for steady cooperation. For example, during "pull-aside" meetings between Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[Stephen Harper]] at the G-20 summit in Mexico in June 2012, and an earlier meeting in Toronto between External Affairs Minister S. M. Krishna and John Baird, the leaders discussed developing a more comprehensive partnership going beyond food security and including the possibility of tie-ups in the energy sector, hydrocarbon.

;Cuba
{{main|Cuba–India relations}}

Relations between India and Cuba are close and warm. Both nations are part of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Cuba has repeatedly called for a more "democratic" representation of the United Nations Security Council and supports India's candidacy as a permanent member of a reformed Security Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassyhavana.org/?q=en/node/9 |title=Ind Embassy Havana |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228012957/http://www.indembassyhavana.org/?q=en%2Fnode%2F9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fidel Castro]] said that "The maturity of India..., its unconditional adherence to the principles which lay at the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement give us the assurances that under the wise leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]] (the former [[Prime Minister of India]]), the non-aligned countries will continue advancing in their inalienable role as a bastion for peace, national independence and development..."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30179977.ece |title=50 years of friendship |access-date=15 August 2020 |date=23 April 2010 |work=Frontline |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818111722/https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30179977.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

India has an embassy in Havana, the capital of Cuba which opened in January 1960. This had particular significance as it symbolised Indian solidarity with the Cuban revolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cubaminrex.cu/english/currentissues/Excellent%20Relations%20Between.htm |title=Excellent Relations Between Cuba and India {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Acknolwedged}} |access-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119065056/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/English/currentissues/Excellent%20Relations%20Between.htm |archive-date=19 January 2013 }}</ref> India had been one of the first countries in the world to have recognised the new Cuban government after the [[Cuban Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049866 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114213901/http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049866 |archive-date=14 November 2011 }}</ref>

Cuba has an embassy in [[New Delhi]], the Indian capital.<ref>http://www.cubadiplomatica.cu/india/EN/{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

;Jamaica
{{Main|India–Jamaica relations}}

Relations between India and Jamaica are generally cordial and close. There are many cultural and political connections inherited from British colonial rule, such as membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], parliamentary democracy, the English language and cricket.<ref name="hcikingston.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.hcikingston.com/indjam.html |title=India High Commission: India - Jamaica Relations |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618034820/http://www.hcikingston.com/indjam.html |archive-date=18 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Jamaica-July-2012.pdf|title=Foreign relations. Jamaica|date=July 2012|access-date=2 June 2013|archive-date=4 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704055520/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Jamaica-July-2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Both nations are members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[United Nations]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], and Jamaica supports India's candidacy for permanent membership in a reformed UN Security Council.

During the British era, Indians voluntarily went to jobs in Jamaica and the West Indies. This has created a considerable population of people of Indian origin in Jamaica. India has a [[High Commission]] in Kingston,<ref name="hcikingston.com"/> whilst Jamaica has a consulate in New Delhi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congenjamaica-ny.org/jamaicancommissions/ |title=Jamaican High Commissions |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221180723/http://www.congenjamaica-ny.org/jamaicancommissions/ |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and plans to upgrade it to a High Commission soon.

;Mexico
{{Main|India–Mexico relations}}

[[File:Budistas en México D.F., México, 2013-10-16, DD 122.JPG|thumb|[[Indian Mexicans|Indians]] in [[Mexico City]]]]
Mexico is a very important and major economic partner of India. Nobel Prize laureate and ambassador to India [[Octavio Paz]] wrote his book ''In Light of India'' which is an analysis of Indian history and culture.<ref>{{cite book |title=In Light of India (9780151002221): Octavio Paz: Books |isbn=0151002223 |url=https://archive.org/details/inlightofindia00pazo |last1=Paz |first1=Octavio |year=1997 |publisher=Harcourt Brace }}</ref> Both nations are [[regional power]]s and members of the [[G-20 major economies]].
* India has an embassy in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiainmexico.gov.in/ |title=Embassy of India, Mexico |access-date=9 July 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630131826/https://www.indiainmexico.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Mexico has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and a consulate in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/india/ |title=Embajada de México en India |author=César A. Quezada S |access-date=9 July 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108081923/https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Nicaragua
{{Main|India–Nicaragua relations}}

Bilateral relations between [[India]] and [[Nicaragua]] have been limited to [[Central American Integration System|SICA]] dialogue and visits by Nicaraguan Ministers to India. India maintains an honorary consul general in Nicaragua,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?159/159/0|title=MEA – Indian Missions Abroad – Indian Mission|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808103820/http://mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?159/159/0|url-status=live}}</ref> concurrently accredited to the Indian embassy in Panama City and Nicaragua used to maintain an embassy in India but was reduced to an honorary consulate general in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy6083/|title=Consulate General of Nicaragua in New Delhi, India|website=embassypages.com|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915025333/http://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy6083/|url-status=live}}</ref> the current Foreign minister [[Samuel Santos López]] visited India in 2008 for the SICA-India Foreign ministers' meeting and in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22078/Visit+of+Foreign+Minister+of+Nicaragua+Mr+Samuel+Santos+Lopez+to+India+August+1923+2013|title=Visit of Foreign Minister of Nicaragua, Mr. Samuel Santos Lopez to India (August 19–23, 2013)|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808072143/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22078/Visit+of+Foreign+Minister+of+Nicaragua+Mr+Samuel+Santos+Lopez+to+India+August+1923+2013|url-status=live}}</ref> for high-level talks with the then External Affairs Minister [[Salman Khurshid]] which also expanded bilateral trade with the two countries reaching a total of US$60.12 million during 2012–13.

;Panama
[[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu being bid farewell by the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Luis Miguel Hincapie, on his departure, in Panama on May 10, 2018.JPG|thumb|The [[Vice President of India|Vice President]], [[Venkaiah Naidu|Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu]] being bid farewell by the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Luis Miguel Hincapie, on his departure, in [[Panama]] on May 10, 2018]]
{{Main|India–Panama relations}}

Bilateral relations between Panama and India have been growing steadily, reflecting the crucial role the [[Panama Canal]] plays in global trade and commerce. Moreover, with over 15,000 Indians living in Panama, diplomatic ties have considerably increased over the past decade.

The opening of the expanded Canal in 2016 is expected to provide new prospects for maritime connectivity. In seeking to rapidly strengthen trade relations such as the flow of trade triples between the two countries, India is keen to leverage these transit trade facilities in Panama to access the wider market of [[Latin America]]. Along with pursuing a free trade agreement, India wants to promote investment in various sectors of Panama's economy, including the banking and maritime industry and the multimodal centre of the [[Colón Free Trade Zone]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/Economic_Relations_Between_India_and_Panama |title=. Central America Data (27 February 2012). Retrieved 15 January 2014 |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116084415/http://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/Economic_Relations_Between_India_and_Panama |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Paraguay
{{Main|India–Paraguay relations}}

The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and Paraguay have been traditionally strong due to strong commercial, cultural and strategic cooperation. India is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires in Argentina. India also has an Honorary Consul-General in Asuncion. Paraguay opened its embassy in India in 2005.<ref>^ http://www.paraguayembassy.in/news.php{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113064702/http://www.paraguayembassy.in/news.php|date=13 January 2012}}</ref>[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, Dr. Keith C. Rowley, on the sidelines of CHOGM 2018, in London on April 19, 2018 (1).JPG|thumb|The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi|Shri Narendra Modi]] meeting the [[List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Keith Rowley|Dr. Keith C. Rowley]], on the sidelines of [[2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM 2018]], in [[London]] on April 19, 2018]]
;Trinidad & Tobago
{{Main|India–Trinidad and Tobago relations}}

Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago have considerably expanded in recent years with both nations building strategic and commercial ties. Both nations formally established diplomatic relations in 1962.<ref name="High Commission of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Bilateral Relations">{{cite web |url=http://hctt.net/about-br/ |title=About Us: Bilateral Relations, India |date=July 2020 |publisher=The High Commission of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803070757/http://hctt.net/about-br/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Both nations were part of the [[British Empire]]; India supported the independence of Trinidad and Tobago from British rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1962 – the year that Trinidad and Tobago officially gained independence. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

The Republic of India operates a High Commission in [[Port of Spain]], whilst the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago operates a High Commission in New Delhi.
;United States of America
{{Main|India–United States relations}}[[File:Indira and Nixon.JPG|thumb|US President [[Richard Nixon]] and Prime Minister of India [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1971. They had a deep personal antipathy that coloured bilateral relations.|268x268px]]Before and during the Second World War, the United States under [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] gave strong support to the Indian independence movement despite being allies to Britain.<ref>Foster Rhea Dulles, and Gerald E. Ridinger. "The Anti-Colonial Policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt." ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1955): 1–18. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145412 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024124854/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145412 |date=24 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>Kenton J. Clymer, ''Quest for freedom: the United States and India's independence'' (2013).</ref>  [[India–United States relations|Relations]] between India and the United States were lukewarm following Indian independence, as India took a leading position in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and received [[Indo–Russia relations#India and the Soviet Union|support from the Soviet Union]]. The US provided support to India in 1962 during its war with China. For most of the [[Cold War]], the USA tended to have warmer relations with Pakistan, primarily as a way to contain Soviet-friendly India and to use Pakistan to back the Afghan [[Mujahideen]] against the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet occupation of Afghanistan]]. An [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]], signed in 1971, also positioned India against the USA.

After the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], India made considerable changes to its foreign policy. It developed a close relationship with the Soviet Union and started receiving massive military equipment and financial assistance from the USSR. This harmed the Indo-US relationship. The United States saw Pakistan as a counterweight to pro-Soviet India and started giving the former military assistance. This created an atmosphere of suspicion between India and the US. The Indo-US relationship suffered a considerable setback when [[Soviet–Afghan War|the Soviets took over Afghanistan]] and India overtly supported the Soviet Union.

Relations between India and the United States came to an all-time low during the early 1970s. Despite reports of [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|atrocities in East Pakistan]], and being told, most notably in the ''[[Blood telegram]]'', of genocidal activities being perpetrated by Pakistani forces, the US. Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and US President [[Richard Nixon]] did nothing to discourage then-Pakistani President [[Yahya Khan]] and the [[Pakistan Army]]. Kissinger was particularly concerned about Soviet expansion into South Asia as a result of a treaty of friendship that had recently been signed between India and the Soviet Union and sought to demonstrate to the People's Republic of China the value of a tacit alliance with the United States.<ref name="nixonarchive">Gandhi, Sajit (ed.), [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ The Tilt: The US and the South Asian Crisis of 1971: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612052659/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ |date=12 June 2009 }}</ref> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], [[Indian Armed Forces]], along with the [[Mukti Bahini]], succeeded in liberating [[East Pakistan]] which soon declared independence. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of [[West Pakistan]] would mean total Soviet domination of the region and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. To demonstrate to China the ''bona fides'' of the United States as an ally, and in direct violation of the Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran,<ref name="Shalom">Shalom, Stephen R., [http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823000531/http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm |date=23 August 2009 }}</ref> while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan.

When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon sent the {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}} to the [[Bay of Bengal]], a move deemed by the Indians as a nuclear threat. The ''Enterprise'' arrived at the station on 11 December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, the [[Soviet Navy]] dispatched two groups of ships, armed with nuclear missiles, from [[Vladivostok]]; they trailed US [[Task Force 74]] into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also sent nuclear submarines to ward off the threat posed by USS ''Enterprise'' in the Indian Ocean.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html Cold war games] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915093344/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html |date=15 September 2006 }}. Bharat-rakshak.com (12 December 1971). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>[[File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg|thumb|225x225px|[[Kamala Harris]] is the [[List of vice presidents of the United States|49th Vice President]] of the United States. She is the first female, the first [[Person of color|person of colour]], as well as the first [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] vice president.]]Though American efforts had no effect in turning the tide of the war, the incident involving USS ''Enterprise'' is viewed as the trigger for India's subsequent [[India and weapons of mass destruction|interest in developing nuclear weapons]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Dhirendra |title=India's lopsided science |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=32–36 |date=May 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAwAAAAAMBAJ&q=Dhirendra&pg=PA32|bibcode=1991BuAtS..47d..32S |doi=10.1080/00963402.1991.11459973 }}</ref> American policy towards the end of the war was dictated primarily by a need to restrict the escalation of the war on the Western sector to prevent the 'dismemberment' of West Pakistan.<ref name="St.Dept">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm U.S. State Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012643/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm |date=28 December 2020 }}. State.gov. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Years after the war, many American writers criticised the White House policies during the war as being badly flawed and ill-serving to the interests of the United States.<ref>The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissenger and American Foreign Policy by Jussi M. Hanhimeaki Page 156, Published by Oxford University Press US</ref> India carried out [[Smiling Buddha|nuclear tests]] a few years later resulting in sanctions being imposed by the United States, further drifting the two countries apart. In recent years, Kissinger came under fire for comments made during the Indo-Pakistan War in which he described Indians as "bastards".<ref>Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48529.htm 150. Conversation Among President Nixon, the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), and the President's Chief of Staff (Haldeman), Washington] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116023208/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48529.htm |date=16 January 2019 }} 5 November 1971, 8:15–9:00&nbsp;am</ref> Kissinger has since expressed his regret over the comments.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4640773.stm |title=South Asia {{pipe}} Kissinger regrets India comments |publisher=BBC News |date=1 July 2005 |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517022436/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4640773.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

;After the Cold War
Since the end of the [[Cold War]], India-USA relations have improved dramatically. This has been fostered by the fact that the United States and India are both democracies and have a large and growing trade relationship. During the [[Gulf War]], the [[economy of India]] went through an extremely difficult phase. The Government of India [[Economic liberalism|adopted liberalised economic systems]]. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, India improved diplomatic relations with the members of [[NATO]], particularly Canada, France, and Germany. In 1992, India established formal diplomatic relations with Israel.

In recent years, India-United States relations have still improved significantly during the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]] since 2014.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 May 2016|title=How Modi changed the India–US relationship|url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/05/10/how-modi-changed-the-india-us-relationship/|access-date=28 July 2021|website=East Asia Forum|language=en|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815040334/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/05/10/how-modi-changed-the-india-us-relationship/|url-status=live}}</ref> Both sides are committed to a "[[Free and Open Indo-Pacific]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S.-India Relationship Critical to Free, Open Indo-Pacific |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3531303/us-india-relationship-critical-to-free-open-indo-pacific/ |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920002913/https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3531303/us-india-relationship-critical-to-free-open-indo-pacific/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_in_a_Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America,_Mr._Joe_Biden,_at_White_House,_in_Washington_DC,_USA_on_September_24,_2021_(6).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a bilateral meeting with U.S. President Joe Biden, at the White House]]

;Pokhran tests reaction
{{See also|India–United States relations#Pokhran Tests|Pokhran-II}}
In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons which resulted in several US, Japanese and European sanctions on India. India's then defence minister, [[George Fernandes]], said that India's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear programme]] was necessary as it provided a deterrence to some potential nuclear threats. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001. India has categorically stated that it will never use weapons first but will defend itself if attacked.

The economic sanctions imposed by the United States in response to India's nuclear tests in May 1998 appeared, at least initially, to seriously damage Indo-American relations. President [[Bill Clinton]] imposed wide-ranging sanctions according to the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act]]. US sanctions on Indian entities involved in the nuclear industry and opposition to international financial institution loans for non-humanitarian assistance projects in India. The United States encouraged India to sign the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] (CTBT) immediately and without condition. The United States also called for restraint in missile and nuclear testing and deployment by both India and Pakistan. The non-proliferation dialogue initiated after the 1998 nuclear tests has bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries.

[[File:Rabindranath_Tagore_and_Victoria_Ocampo.jpg|thumb|Nobel Laurate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and Argentine writer [[Victoria Ocampo]] on the grounds of [[Villa Ocampo]]]]