Editing Fiber (section)

== Typical properties of selected fibers ==
Fibers can be divided into natural and artificial (synthetic) substance, their properties can affect their performance in many applications. Synthetic fiber materials are increasingly replacing other conventional materials like glass and wood in a number of applications.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rheology of Filled Polymer Systems |last=Shenoy |first=Aroon |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-412-83100-3}}</ref> This is because artificial fibers can be engineered chemically, physically, and mechanically to suit particular technical engineering.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Polymers and Polymer Composites in Construction |last=Hollaway |first=C. |publisher=Bulter and Tanner Ltd |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7277-1521-0 |location=Great Britain |pages=209}}</ref> In choosing a fiber type, a manufacturer would balance their properties with the technical requirements of the applications. Various fibers are available to select for manufacturing. Here are typical properties of the sample natural fibers as compared to the properties of artificial fibers. 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 1. Typical Properties of Selected Natural Fibers<ref>{{Cite book|title=Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures". Sixteenth Edition |publisher=Portland Cement Association |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-89312-277-5 |location=United States of America |pages=237–247}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-properties |title=Polymer Properties – Omexus by Special Chem}}</ref> 
 |'''Fiber type'''
|'''Fiber Diameter'''

'''(in)'''
|'''Specific Gravity'''
|'''Tensile Strength'''

'''(Ksi)'''
| '''Elastic Modulus'''

'''(Ksi)'''
|'''Elongation at Break'''

'''(%)'''
|'''Water Absorption'''

'''(%)'''
|-
|Wood Fiber

(Kraft Pulp)
|0.001–0.003
|1.5
|51–290
|1500–5800
|N/A
|50–75
|-
|Musamba
|N/A
|N/A
|12
|130
|9.7
|N/A
|-
|[[Coconut]] 
|0.004–0.016
|1.12–1.15
|17.4–29
|2750–3770
|10–25
|130–180
|-
|[[Sisal]] 
|0.008–0.016<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sisal.ws/page6/page7/page7.html |title=Sisal Fiber – World of Sisal}}</ref>
|1.45<ref name=":2" />
|40–82.4
|1880–3770
|3–5
|60–70
|-
|Sugar Cane [[Bagasse]]
|0.008–0.016
|1.2–1.3
|26.7–42
|2175–2750
|1.1<ref>{{Cite book |isbn=9781782421221 |title=Biofiber Reinforcements in Composite Materials |editor1-first=Omar |editor1-last=Faruk |editor2-first=Mohini |editor2-last=Sain |chapter=The use of sugarcane bagasse fibres as reinforcements in composites |first=M. |last=Sain|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Science & Technology}}</ref>
|70–75
|-
|[[Bamboo]]
|0.002–0.016
|1.5
|50.8–72.5
|4780–5800
|N/A
|40–45
|-
|[[Jute]] 
|0.004–0.008
|1.02–1.04
|36.3–50.8
|3770–4640
|1.5–1.9
|28.64<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=Venkateshwaran |date=2012 |title=Mechanical and Water Absorption Properties of Woven Jute/Banana Hybrid Composites |journal=Fibers and Polymers |volume=13 |issue=7,907–914 |pages=907–914 |doi=10.1007/s12221-012-0907-0}}</ref>
|-
|[[Elephant grass]]
|0.003–0.016<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=K. Murali Mohan |first=Rao |date=2007 |title=Tensile Properties of Elephant grass fiber reinforced polymer Composites |journal=Journal of Materials Science |volume=42 |issue=9,3266–3272 |pages=3266–3272 |doi=10.1007/s10853-006-0657-8}}</ref>
|0.818<ref name=":3" />
|25.8
|710
|3.6
|N/Ab
|-
| colspan="7" |a  Adapted from ACI 544. IR-96 P58, reference [12] P240 and [13]

b  N/A means properties not readily available or not applicable
|}
<br />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 2. Properties of Selected Artificial Fibers
|'''Fiber type'''
|'''Fiber Diameter'''

'''(0.001&nbsp;in)'''
|'''Specific Gravity'''
| '''Tensile Strength (Ksi)'''
|'''Elasticity Modulus  '''

'''(Ksi)''' 
|'''Elongation at Break'''

'''(%)'''
|'''Water Absorption'''

'''(%)'''
|'''Melting Point'''

'''(°C)'''
|'''Maximum Working'''

'''Temp (°C)'''
|-
|[[Steel]] 
|4–40
|7.8
|70–380
|30,000
|0.5–3.5
|nil
|1370<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url=https://www.allsealsinc.com/teadit/TypicalMetalProperties.pdf |title=Metallic Materials – TEADIT}}</ref>
|760<ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[Glass]] 
|0.3–0.8
|2.5
|220–580
|10,400–11,600
|2–4
|N/A
|1300
|1000
|-
|[[Carbon]]
|0.3–0.35
|0.90
|260–380
|33,400–55,100
|0.5–1.5
|nil
|3652–3697<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.americanelements.com/carbon-fiber-7440-44-0 |title=Carbon Fiber – Americans Elements}}</ref>
|N/A
|-
|[[Nylon]] 
|0.9
|1.14
|140
|750
|20–30
|2.8–5.0
|220–265
|199
|-
|[[Acrylic fiber|Acrylics]]
|0.2–0.7
|1.14–1.18
|39–145
|2,500–2,800
|20–40
|1.0–2.5
|Decomp
|180
|-
|[[Aramid]]
|0.4–0.5
|1.38–1.45
|300–450
|9,000–17,000
|2–12
|1.2–4.3
|Decomp
|450
|-
|[[Polyester]]
|0.4–3.0
|1.38
|40–170
|2,500
|8–30
|0.4
|260
|170
|-
|[[Polypropylene]] 
|0.8–8.0
|0.9
|65–100
|500–750
|10–20
|nil
|165
|100
|-
|[[Polyethylene]]

   Low

   High
|1.0-40.0

|
0.92

0.95
|
11–17

50–71
|725

|
25–50

20–30
|
nil

nil
|
110

135
|
55

65
|-
| colspan="9" |a  Adapted from ACI 544. IR-96 P40, reference [12] P240, [11] P209 and [13]

b  N/A means properties not readily available or not applicable
|}
The tables above just show typical properties of fibers, in fact there are more properties which could be referred as follows (from a to z):<ref name=":1" />

Arc Resistance, [[Biodegradation|Biodegradable]], Coefficient of Linear [[Thermal expansion|Thermal Expansion]], Continuous Service Temperature, [[Density|Density of Plastics]], [[Ductility|Ductile]] / [[Brittleness|Brittle]] Transition Temperature, Elongation at Break, Elongation at Yield, Fire Resistance, Flexibility, Gamma Radiation Resistance, Gloss, [[Glass transition|Glass Transition Temperature]], [[Hardness]], [[Heat deflection temperature|Heat Deflection Temperature]], Shrinkage, [[Stiffness]], [[Ultimate tensile strength]], [[Thermal insulation|Thermal Insulation]], [[Toughness]], [[Transparency and translucency|Transparency]], UV Light Resistance, Volume [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity|Resistivity]], Water absorption, [[Young's modulus|Young's Modulus]]