Editing Female genital mutilation (section)

===Pregnancy, childbirth===
[[File:Teaching_communities_about_FGM-C_(12345176104).jpg|thumb|Materials used to teach communities in [[Burkina Faso]] about FGM]]
FGM may place women at higher risk of problems during pregnancy and childbirth, which are more common with the more extensive FGM procedures.{{sfn|Abdulcadir|Margairaz|Boulvain|Irion|2011}} Infibulated women may try to make childbirth easier by eating less during pregnancy to reduce the baby's size.<ref name=RashidRashid2007/>{{rp|99}} In women with vesicovaginal or rectovaginal fistulae, it is difficult to obtain clear urine samples as part of prenatal care, making the diagnosis of conditions such as [[pre-eclampsia]] harder.{{sfn|Kelly|Hillard|2005|loc=491–492}} Cervical evaluation during labour may be impeded and labour prolonged or obstructed. Third-degree [[laceration]] (tears), [[Human anus|anal-sphincter]] damage and emergency [[caesarean section]] are more common in infibulated women.{{sfn|Abdulcadir|Margairaz|Boulvain|Irion|2011}}<ref name=RashidRashid2007>{{harvnb|Rashid|Rashid|2007|loc=97}}.</ref>

[[Perinatal mortality#Neonatal mortality|Neonatal mortality]] is increased. The WHO estimated in 2006 that an additional 10–20 babies die per 1,000 deliveries as a result of FGM. The estimate was based on a study conducted on 28,393 women attending delivery wards at 28 obstetric centres in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan. In those settings all types of FGM were found to pose an increased risk of death to the baby: 15 percent higher for Type I, 32 percent for Type II, and 55 percent for Type III. The reasons for this were unclear, but may be connected to genital and [[urinary tract infection]]s and the presence of scar tissue. According to the study, FGM was associated with an increased risk to the mother of damage to the [[perineum]] and [[postpartum bleeding|excessive blood loss]], as well as a need to [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|resuscitate]] the baby, and [[stillbirth]], perhaps because of a long [[Childbirth#Second stage: fetal expulsion|second stage of labour]].{{sfn|Banks|Meirik|Farley|Akande|2006}}<ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2006/pr30/en/index.html "New study shows female genital mutilation exposes women and babies to significant risk at childbirth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502223749/https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fgm/fgm-obstetric-study-en.pdf?ua=1 |date=2 May 2019 }}, World Health Organization, 2 June 2006.</ref>