Editing Fairy tale (section)

===Film===

Fairy tales have been enacted dramatically; records exist of this in [[commedia dell'arte]],{{Sfn|Clute|Grant|1997|loc="Commedia Dell'Arte"|p=219}} and later in [[pantomime]].{{Sfn|Clute|Grant|1997|loc="Pantomime"|p=745}} Unlike oral and literacy form, fairy tales in film is considered one of the most effective way to convey the story to the audience. The advent of cinema has meant that such stories could be presented in a more plausible manner, with the use of special effects and animation. [[The Walt Disney Company]] has had a significant impact on the evolution of the fairy tale film. Some of the earliest short silent films from the Disney studio were based on fairy tales, and some fairy tales were adapted into shorts in the musical comedy series "[[Silly Symphony]]", such as ''[[Three Little Pigs (film)|Three Little Pigs]]''. [[Walt Disney]]'s first feature-length film ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'', released in 1937, was a ground-breaking film for fairy tales and, indeed, fantasy in general.{{Sfn|Clute|Grant|1997|loc="Cinema"|p=196}} With the cost of over 400 percent of the budget and more than 300 artists, assistants and animators, ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]''  was arguably one of the highest work force demanded film at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walt Disney Company is founded|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/walt-disney-company-founded|access-date=2021-12-12|website=History|language=en|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212064329/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/walt-disney-company-founded|url-status=live}}</ref> The studio even hired [[Donald W. Graham|Don Graham]] to open animation training programs for more than 700 staffs.<ref name="Furniss">{{cite book |last1=Furniss |first1=Maureen |chapter=Classical-Era Disney Studio |pages=107–132 |jstor=j.ctt2005zgm.9 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt2005zgm.9 |title=Art in Motion, Revised Edition: Animation Aesthetics |date=2014 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-86196-945-6 }}</ref> As for the motion capture and personality expression, the studio used a dancer, [[Marge Champion|Marjorie Celeste]], from the beginning to the end for the best results.<ref name="Furniss" /> Disney and his creative successors have returned to traditional and literary fairy tales numerous times with films such as ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'' (1950), ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (1959), ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (1989) and ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (1991). Disney's influence helped establish the fairy tale genre as a genre for children, and has been accused by some of [[bowdlerizing]] the gritty naturalism&nbsp;– and sometimes unhappy endings&nbsp;– of many folk fairy tales.<ref name=Pilinovsky /> However, others note that the softening of fairy tales occurred long before Disney, some of which was even done by the Grimm brothers themselves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stone |first1=Kay |title=Marchen to Fairy Tale: An Unmagical Transformation |journal=Western Folklore |date=July 1981 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=232–244 |doi=10.2307/1499694 |jstor=1499694 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Tatar|1987|p=24}}

Many filmed fairy tales have been made primarily for children, from Disney's later works to Aleksandr Rou's retelling of ''[[Vasilissa the Beautiful]]'', the first [[Cinema of the Soviet Union|Soviet film]] to use Russian folk tales in a big-budget feature.<ref>{{cite web | first = James |last=Graham | url = https://endicottstudio.typepad.com/artslist/baba-yaga-in-film-by-james-graham.html | title = Baba Yaga in Film |website=Journal of Mythic Arts | year = 2006 }}</ref> Others have used the conventions of fairy tales to create new stories with sentiments more relevant to contemporary life, as in ''[[Labyrinth (1986 film)|Labyrinth]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |first=Richard |last=Scheib |url=http://www.moria.co.nz/fantasy/labyrinth-1986.htm |title=Labyrinth (1986) |website=Moria |date=9 July 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071306/http://www.moria.co.nz/fantasy/labyrinth-1986.htm |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> ''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]'', ''[[Happily N'Ever After]]'', and the films of [[Michel Ocelot]].{{Sfn|Drazen|2003|p=264}}

Other works have retold familiar fairy tales in a darker, more horrific or psychological variant aimed primarily at adults. Notable examples are [[Jean Cocteau]]'s ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1946 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]''<ref>{{cite web | first = Terri |last=Windling | url = http://www.endicott-studio.com/rdrm/forbewty.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131115234313/http://www.endicott-studio.com/rdrm/forbewty.html | archive-date = 15 November 2013 | title = Beauty and the Beast | url-status = usurped | year = 1995 }}</ref> and ''[[The Company of Wolves]]'', based on [[Angela Carter]]'s retelling of ''[[Little Red Riding Hood]]''.<ref>{{cite web | first = Terri |last=Windling | url = http://www.endicott-studio.com/rdrm/rrPathNeedles.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130920005533/http://www.endicott-studio.com/rdrm/rrPathNeedles.html | archive-date = 20 September 2013 | title = The Path of Needles or Pins: Little Red Riding Hood | url-status = usurped | year = 2004 }}</ref> Likewise, ''[[Princess Mononoke]]'',{{Sfn|Drazen|2003|p=38}} ''[[Pan's Labyrinth]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scifi.com/sfw/interviews/sfw14471.html|title=Guillermo del Toro and Ivana Baquero escape from a civil war into the fairytale land of ''Pan's Labyrinth'' |access-date=14 July 2007|date=25 December 2006 |publisher=[[Science Fiction Weekly]]|last=Spelling|first=Ian| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070707173614/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/interviews/sfw14471.html| archive-date = 7 July 2007}}</ref> ''[[Suspiria]]'', and ''[[Spike (2008 film)|Spike]]''<ref>{{cite news | url = https://variety.com/2008/film/news/festival-highlights-1117987482/ | title = Festival Highlights: 2008 Edinburgh International Film Festival | work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = 13 June 2008 | access-date = 28 April 2010 | archive-date = 7 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307123431/http://variety.com/2008/film/news/festival-highlights-1117987482/ | url-status = live }}</ref> create new stories in this genre from fairy tale and folklore motifs.

In comics and animated TV series, ''[[The Sandman (Vertigo)|The Sandman]]'', ''[[Revolutionary Girl Utena]]'', ''[[Princess Tutu]]'', ''[[Fables (Vertigo)|Fables]]'' and ''[[MÄR]]'' all make use of standard fairy tale elements to various extents but are more accurately categorised as [[fairytale fantasy]] due to the definite locations and characters which a longer narrative requires.

A more modern cinematic fairy tale would be [[Luchino Visconti]]'s ''[[Le Notti Bianche]]'', starring [[Marcello Mastroianni]] before he became a superstar. It involves many of the romantic conventions of fairy tales, yet it takes place in post-[[World War II]] Italy, and it ends realistically.

In recent years, Disney has been dominating the fairy tale film industry by remaking their animated fairy tale films into live action. Examples include ''[[Maleficent (film)|Maleficent]]'' (2014), ''[[Cinderella (2015 Disney film)|Cinderella]]'' (2015), ''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (2017) and so on.