Editing Fair Lawn, New Jersey (section)

==Government==

===Local government===
[[File:Fair Lawn, NJ Municipal Building (2), March 2025.jpg|thumb|right|Fair Lawn Municipal Building]]
Fair Lawn operates within the [[Faulkner Act]] (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) under the [[Faulkner Act (council–manager)|Council-Manager]] plan E form of New Jersey municipal government, as implemented as of January 1, 1986, based on direct petition.<ref>[http://www.dudley-2010.com/Faulkner%20Act%2046pages.pdf "The Faulkner Act: New Jersey's Optional Municipal Charter Law"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012040522/http://www.dudley-2010.com/Faulkner%20Act%2046pages.pdf |date=October 12, 2013 }}, [[New Jersey State League of Municipalities]], July 2007. Accessed October 11, 2013.</ref> The borough is one of 42 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form of government.<ref>[https://njdatabook.rutgers.edu/sites/njdatabook.rutgers.edu/files/documents/inventory_of_municipal_forms_of_government_in_new_jersey.pdf ''Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey''], [[Rutgers University]] Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011. Accessed June 1, 2023.</ref><ref>Cerra, Michael F. [https://www.njlm.org/809/3982/Forms-of-Govt-Magazine-Article "Forms of Government: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask"], [[New Jersey State League of Municipalities]], March 2007. Accessed January 1, 2025.</ref> The governing body is comprised of a five-member borough council. Members of the Borough Council serve four-year terms in office and are elected [[at-large]] in partisan elections in odd-numbered years on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats coming up for election every other year as part of the November general election. All policy making power is concentrated in the council. At an annual reorganization meeting held after each election, the council selects a mayor, a deputy mayor, and a deputy mayor for community affairs from among its members. The mayor presides over its meetings with no separate policy-making power. A borough manager is appointed by the council to serve as the municipal chief executive and administrative official.<ref name=DataBook>''2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book'', [[Rutgers University]] [[Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy]], March 2013, p. 160.</ref><ref>[https://njdatabook.rutgers.edu/sites/njdatabook.rutgers.edu/files/documents/forms_of_municipal_government_in_new_jersey_9220.pdf#page=12 "Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey"], p. 12. [[Rutgers University]] Center for Government Studies. Accessed June 1, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/p/government-0 Our Form Of Government], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020. "There shall be a Council elected in accordance with N.J.S.A. 40: 69A-81 et seq., which shall be comprised of five members, elected at large, one of whom shall be elected by the Council as Mayor, as provided by law. One of the members of the Council shall also be elected by the Council to be Deputy Mayor, and one of the members of the Council shall be elected by the Council to be Deputy Mayor for Community Affairs."</ref>

{{As of|2024}}, the members of the Borough Council are acting [[Mayor]] Gail Friedberg Rottenstrich ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], term as mayor and on committee ends December 31, 2025), Deputy Mayor Cristina Cutrone (D, term on council ends 2027; term as deputy mayor ends 2025), Deputy Mayor of Community Affairs Joshua Reinitz (D, term on council and as deputy mayor ends 2025), Kris Krause (D, 2027) and Nathalie Salinas (D, 2027; appointed to serve an unexpired term).<ref name=Council>[https://www.fairlawn.org/p/mayor-council Mayor and Council], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed April 26, 2024.</ref><ref>[https://fairlawn.org/Home/DownloadDocument?docId=69022cff-9ac3-4ccb-82a9-6716a7abca56 2023 Municipal Data Sheet], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed March 11, 2024.</ref><ref name=BergenCountyDirectory>[https://www.co.bergen.nj.us/images/About_Bergen_County/2024-county-directory.pdf#page=42 ''2024 County and Municipal Directory''], [[Bergen County, New Jersey]], April 2024. Accessed April 15, 2024.</ref><ref name=Bergen2023>[https://www.bergencountyclerk.gov/_Content/pdf/ElectionResult/District%20Canvass%20NEW.pdf Official Statement of Vote 2023 General Election - November 7, 2023 Official Results], [[Bergen County, New Jersey]], November 27, 2023. Accessed January 1, 2024.</ref><ref name=Bergen2021>[https://www.bergencountyclerk.org/_Content/pdf/ElectionResult/Statement%20of%20Vote%2011-17-21(1).pdf Bergen County Statement of Vote November 2, 2021 Official results], [[Bergen County, New Jersey]], updated November 17, 2021. Accessed January 1, 2022.</ref>

Kurt Peluso stepped down from office in February 2024 to take office as borough manager at a salary of $175,000; in his place, Deputy Mayor Cristina Cutrone took over as acting mayor.<ref>Noda, Stephanie. [https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/bergen/fair-lawn/2024/02/28/fair-lawn-nj-mayor-resigns-kurt-peluso-borough-manager/72775165007/ "Fair Lawn Mayor Kurt Peluso resigns to take a new post in the borough"], ''[[The Record (North Jersey)|The Record]]'', February 28, 2024. Accessed March 11, 2024. "The mayor of Fair Lawn has stepped down from his position to take on the role of borough manager. Kurt Peluso, 41, a Fair Lawn native who has been mayor for six years, announced his resignation on Tuesday night, the same night his fellow members of the Borough Council unanimously approved a one-year contract to hire him as manager of the town of almost 35,000 residents.... With Peluso's resignation, Councilwoman and current Deputy Mayor Cristina Cutrone will become acting mayor."</ref> Gail Friedberg Rottenstrich was appointed as mayor in March 2024 and will serve the balance of the term of office as a mayor while Nathalie Salinas was appointed to fill the seat expiring in December 2027 that had been held by Peluso until his resignation; Peluso will serve on an interim basis until the November 2024 general election when voters will choose a candidate to serve the remainder of the term of office.<ref>Noda, Stephanie. [https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/bergen/fair-lawn/2024/04/02/fair-lawn-nj-mayor-focused-sustainability-downtown-revamp/73148261007/ "New Fair Lawn mayor's goals include a greener town and healthier Broadway district"], ''[[The Record (North Jersey)|The Record]]'', April 2, 2024. Accessed April 26, 2024. "Gail Rottenstrich, who has served the town as a councilwoman since 2017, was officially sworn in last week as mayor, filling a vacancy left when her predecessor was hired as borough manager in February."</ref><ref>Noda, Stephanie. [https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/bergen/fair-lawn/2024/03/27/fair-lawn-nj-new-mayor-council-breaks-ground-inclusion/73119377007/ "Fair Lawn picks new mayor and council member, breaking ground for inclusion"], ''[[The Record (North Jersey)|The Record]]'', March 27, 2024. Accessed April 26, 2024. "Rottenstrich, who has served on the Borough Council since 2017, took the oath of office at the municipal building on the same night fellow Democrat Nathalie Salinas was sworn in to fill a vacancy on the council.... Rottenstrich will fill that position after the resignation of former Mayor Kurt Peluso, who stepped down from the council after he was hired last month as borough manager. Salinas was appointed to fill Peluso's empty council seat."</ref>

In May 2018, the borough council appointed Cristina Cutrone to fill the seat expiring in December 2019 that was vacated by Mayor [[Lisa Swain]] when she took office in the General Assembly; Kurt Peluso replaced Swain as mayor and in turn Gail Rottenstrich replaced him as deputy mayor.<ref>Yellin, Deena. [https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/bergen/fair-lawn/2018/05/17/fair-lawn-nj-gets-new-mayor-council-member/614751002/ "Fair Lawn swears in new mayor and council member"], ''[[The Record (North Jersey)|The Record]]'', May 17, 2018. Accessed October 1, 2019. "Peluso, 35, was sworn in as mayor Tuesday night, replacing Lisa Swain, who recently resigned to take a state Assembly seat in the 38th District. Councilwoman Gail Rottenstrich was appointed deputy mayor, and Cristina Cutrone was unanimously chosen to fill the vacant council seat."</ref> Cutrone served on the council on an interim basis until the November 2018 general election, when she was elected to serve the balance of the term of office.<ref name=Bergen2018>[http://www.bergencountyclerk.org/_Content/pdf/ElectionResult/SOV%20Report%20Recertification.pdf Bergen County November 6, 2018 General Election Statement of Vote], [[Bergen County, New Jersey]] Clerk, updated February 11, 2019. Accessed September 26, 2019.</ref>

Regular Borough Council meetings are televised on local [[cable TV]] when held in the council chambers in the Fair Lawn Municipal Building. Work sessions, where laws are discussed and prepared for adoption, are not usually televised.<ref>[http://www.fairlawn.org/content/203/6218/default.aspx Live Video Streaming of Regular Council Meetings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506075040/http://www.fairlawn.org/content/203/6218/default.aspx |date=May 6, 2016 }}, Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 10, 2016.</ref>

===Boards and commissions===
Fair Lawn's government extends beyond the council and departments in the form of the following boards and commissions, which are generally staffed by volunteers appointed by the mayor and council:<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/boards-commissions-committees Boards & Commissions], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref>

*Alliance for Substance Abuse Prevention<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/flasap Alliance for Substance Abuse Prevention], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref>
*American with Disabilities Advisory Committee<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150715023630/http://www.fairlawnada.com/What_we_do.html About Us]}}, Fair Lawn American with Disabilities Advisory Committee. Accessed September 16, 2017.</ref>
*Arts Council<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/art Arts Council], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref>
*Broadway Special Improvement District<ref>[http://www.fairlawnbroadway.com/about-us/ About Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154554/http://www.fairlawnbroadway.com/about-us/ |date=September 18, 2017 }}, Broadway Special Improvement District. Accessed September 16, 2017.</ref> 
*Cadmus House Museum<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/boards-commissions-committees/cadmus-house-museum Cadmus House Museum], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref> 
*Environmental Commission<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/environmentalcommission Environmental Commission], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref> 
*Garden Committee<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/gardencommittee Garden Committee], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref> 
*Green Team Advisory Committee<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/greenteam Green Team Advisory Committee], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref>
*Historic Preservation Commission<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/HistoricPreservation Historic Preservation Commission], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref> 
*Open Space Committee<ref>[http://www.fairlawn.org/content/203/267/538.aspx Open Space Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103133739/http://www.fairlawn.org/content/203/267/538.aspx |date=January 3, 2014 }}, Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed January 2, 2014.</ref>
*Planning Board<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/planning Planning Board], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref> 
*Property Maintenance<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/propertymaintenance Property Maintenance], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref> 
*Rent Leveling Board<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/rentlevelingboard Rent Leveling Board], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref>
*River Road Improvement Corporation<ref>[http://www.fairlawnriverroad.com/ River Road Improvement Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209090455/http://www.fairlawnriverroad.com/ |date=February 9, 2012 }}, Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref> 
*Shade Tree Advisory Committee<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/shadetreecommittee Shade Tree Advisory Committee], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref>
*Zoning Board<ref>[https://www.fairlawn.org/zoningboard Zoning Board], Borough of Fair Lawn. Accessed May 20, 2020.</ref>

===Federal, state and county representation===
Fair Lawn is located in New Jersey's 5th Congressional District<ref name=PCR2012>[https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/2012-congressional-districts/njcd-2011-plan-components-county-mcd.pdf Plan Components Report], [[New Jersey Redistricting Commission]], December 23, 2011. Accessed February 1, 2020.</ref> and is part of New Jersey's 38th state legislative district.<ref>[https://nj1015.com/whats-your-new-nj-legislative-district-20-moved-on-new-map/ Districts by Number for 2023-2031], [[New Jersey Legislature]]. Accessed September 18, 2023.</ref>

{{NJ Congress 05}} {{NJ Senate}}

{{NJ Legislative 38}}

{{NJ Bergen County Freeholders}}

===Politics===
As of March 2011, there were a total of 20,302 registered voters in Fair Lawn, of which 7,150 (35.2% vs. 31.7% countywide) were registered as [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]], 3,613 (17.8% vs. 21.1%) were registered as [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] and 9,528 (46.9% vs. 47.1%) were registered as [[Unaffiliated (New Jersey)|Unaffiliated]]. There were 11 voters registered as [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarians]] or [[Green Party of the United States|Greens]].<ref name=VoterRegistration>[http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2011-bergen-co-summary-report.pdf Voter Registration Summary - Bergen], [[New Jersey Department of State]] Division of Elections, March 23, 2011. Accessed December 5, 2013.</ref> Among the borough's 2010 Census population, 62.6% (vs. 57.1% in Bergen County) were registered to vote, including 80.2% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide).<ref name=VoterRegistration/><ref>[https://www.census.gov GCT-P7: Selected Age Groups: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed December 5, 2013.</ref>

In the [[United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2016|2016 presidential election]], Democrat [[Hillary Clinton]] received 8,993 votes (53.6% vs. 54.2% countywide), ahead of Republican [[Donald Trump]] with 7,062 votes (42.1% vs. 41.1%) and other candidates with 709 votes (4.2% vs. 4.6%), among the 16,875 ballots cast by the borough's 22,745 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.2% (vs. 72.5% in Bergen County).<ref>[http://www.bergencountyclerk.org/_Content/pdf/elections/BC-Statement-of-Vote-Book-11-08-2016.pdf Presidential November 8, 2016 General Election Results - Bergen County], [[New Jersey Department of State]] Division of Elections, November 8, 2016. Accessed May 24, 2020</ref> In the [[United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2012|2012 presidential election]], Democrat [[Barack Obama]] received 8,374 votes (54.1% vs. 54.8% countywide), ahead of Republican [[Mitt Romney]] with 6,815 votes (44.0% vs. 43.5%) and other candidates with 188 votes (1.2% vs. 0.9%), among the 15,473 ballots cast by the borough's 21,563 registered voters, for a turnout of 71.8% (vs. 70.4% in Bergen County).<ref>[http://njelections.org/2012-results/2012-presidential-bergen.pdf Presidential November 6, 2012 General Election Results - Bergen County] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926204006/http://njelections.org/2012-results/2012-presidential-bergen.pdf |date=September 26, 2018 }}, [[New Jersey Department of State]] Division of Elections, March 15, 2013. Accessed December 5, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://njelections.org/2012-results/2012-ballotscast-bergen.pdf Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast November 6, 2012 General Election Results - Bergen County] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926203505/http://njelections.org/2012-results/2012-ballotscast-bergen.pdf |date=September 26, 2018 }}, [[New Jersey Department of State]] Division of Elections, March 15, 2013. Accessed December 5, 2013.</ref> In the [[United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2008|2008 presidential election]], Democrat Barack Obama received 8,834 votes (53.2% vs. 53.9% countywide), ahead of Republican [[John McCain]] with 7,464 votes (45.0% vs. 44.5%) and other candidates with 147 votes (0.9% vs. 0.8%), among the 16,595 ballots cast by the borough's 21,378 registered voters, for a turnout of 77.6% (vs. 76.8% in Bergen County).<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2008-gen-elect-presidential-results-bergen.pdf 2008 Presidential General Election Results: Bergen County], [[New Jersey Department of State]] Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed December 5, 2013.</ref><ref name=Results2008>[http://dng.northjersey.com/media_server/tr/smaps/2008/electionresults2008/att/North_Jersey_election_results_40.html 2008 General Election Results for Fair Lawn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005151947/http://dng.northjersey.com/media_server/tr/smaps/2008/electionresults2008/att/North_Jersey_election_results_40.html |date=October 5, 2011 }}, ''[[The Record (North Jersey)|The Record]]''. Accessed August 31, 2011.</ref> In the [[United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2004|2004 presidential election]], Democrat [[John Kerry]] received 8,745 votes (54.3% vs. 51.7% countywide), ahead of Republican [[George W. Bush]] with 7,177 votes (44.6% vs. 47.2%) and other candidates with 118 votes (0.7% vs. 0.7%), among the 16,102 ballots cast by the borough's 20,372 registered voters, for a turnout of 79.0% (vs. 76.9% in the whole county).<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2004-presidential_bergen_co_2004.pdf 2004 Presidential Election: Bergen County], [[New Jersey Department of State]] Division of Elections, December 13, 2004. Accessed December 5, 2013.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; font-size: 95%;"
|+ Presidential elections results
|-
! Year
![[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
![[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[2024 United States presidential election in New Jersey|2024]]<ref name="2024Elections">{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/election-results/2024/2024-official-general-results-president-bergen.pdf|title=Presidential General Election Results - November 5, 2024 - Bergen County|publisher=New Jersey Department of Elections|access-date=January 3, 2025}}</ref>'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|48.0% ''8,699''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''48.7%''' ''8,826''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2020|2020]]<ref name="2020Elections">{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/election-results/2020/2020-official-general-results-president-bergen.pdf|title=Presidential General Election Results - November 3, 2020 - Bergen County|publisher=New Jersey Department of Elections|access-date=January 3, 2023}}</ref>'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|42.6% ''8,342''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''55.7%'''  ''10,912''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2016|2016]]<ref name="2016Elections">{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/election-results/2016/2016-gen-elect-presidential-results-bergen.pdf|title=Presidential General Election Results - November 8, 2016 - Bergen County|date=December 31, 2016|publisher=New Jersey Department of Elections|access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref>'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|42.1% ''7,062''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''53.6%'''  ''8,993''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2012|2012]]<ref name="2012Elections">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012-results/2012-presidential-bergen.pdf|title=Presidential General Election Results - November 6, 2012 - Bergen County|date=March 15, 2013|publisher=New Jersey Department of Elections|access-date=December 23, 2014}}</ref>'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|44.0% ''6,815''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''54.1'''  ''8,374''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2008|2008]]<ref name="state.nj.us">[http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2008-gen-elect-presidential-results-bergen.rev.pdf 2008 Presidential General Election Results: Bergen County], [[New Jersey Department of State]] Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2012.</ref>'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|45.0% ''7,464''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''53.2%'''  ''8,834''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2004|2004]]<ref name="Presidential Election 2004">[https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/election-results/2004/2004-presidential_bergen_co_2004.pdf], [[New Jersey Department of State]] Division of Elections, December 13, 2004. Accessed November 21, 2012.</ref>'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|44.6% ''7,117''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''54.3%''' ''8,745''
|-
|}

In the [[New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2013|2013 gubernatorial election]], Republican [[Chris Christie]] received 57.1% of the vote (5,377 cast), ahead of Democrat [[Barbara Buono]] with 41.8% (3,932 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (100 votes), among the 9,642 ballots cast by the borough's 20,718 registered voters (233 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 46.5%.<ref name=2013Elections>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013-results/2013-general-election-results-governor-bergen.pdf |title=Governor - Bergen County |date=January 29, 2014 |publisher=New Jersey Department of Elections |access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name=2013VoterReg>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013-results/2013-general-election-ballotscast-bergen.pdf |title=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Bergen County|date=January 29, 2014 |publisher=New Jersey Department of Elections |access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> In the [[New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2009|2009 gubernatorial election]], Democrat [[Jon Corzine]] received 5,503 ballots cast (51.1% vs. 48.0% countywide), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 4,590 votes (42.6% vs. 45.8%), Independent [[Chris Daggett]] with 521 votes (4.8% vs. 4.7%) and other candidates with 71 votes (0.7% vs. 0.5%), among the 10,763 ballots cast by the borough's 20,714 registered voters, yielding a 52.0% turnout (vs. 50.0% in the county).<ref>[http://www.njelections.org/election-results/2009-governor_results-bergen.pdf 2009 Governor: Bergen County] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164457/https://www.njelections.org/election-results/2009-governor_results-bergen.pdf |date=November 28, 2018 }}, [[New Jersey Department of State]] Division of Elections, December 31, 2009. Accessed December 5, 2013.</ref>