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=====Radioactive decay===== In addition to tidal heating, the interior of Europa could also be heated by the decay of radioactive material ([[radiogenic heating]]) within the rocky mantle.<ref name="Europa FAQ 2012"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barr |first1=Amy C. |last2=Showman |first2=Adam P. |chapter=Heat transfer in Europa's icy shell |pages=405β430 |bibcode=2009euro.book..405B |citeseerx=10.1.1.499.6279 |editor-last=Pappalardo |editor-first=Robert T. |editor2-last=McKinnon |editor2-first=William B. |editor3-last=Khurana |editor3-first=Krishan |title=Europa |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8165-2844-8 }}</ref> But the models and values observed are one hundred times higher than those that could be produced by radiogenic heating alone,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Hydrothermal systems on Europa |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=9 March 2005 |last1=Lowell |first1=Robert P. |last2=DuBosse |first2=Myesha |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=L05202 |doi=10.1029/2005GL022375 |bibcode = 2005GeoRL..32.5202L |s2cid=129270513 }}</ref> thus implying that tidal heating has a leading role in Europa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruiz |first1=Javier |title=The heat flow of Europa |journal=Icarus |date=October 2005 |volume=177 |issue=2 |pages=438β446 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.021 |bibcode=2005Icar..177..438R |url=https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/10490/1/15-Europa_5.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/10490/1/15-Europa_5.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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