Editing Engineer (section)

==== France ====
[[File:Gustave Eiffel 1910.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Gustave Eiffel]] was a French civil engineer]]
In France, the term {{lang|fr|ingénieur}} (engineer) is not a protected title and can be used by anyone who practices this profession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pourrat |first=Yvonne |date=2011-04-01 |title=Perception of French students in engineering about the ethics of their profession and implications for engineering education |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252002766 |access-date=19 February 2019 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>

However, the title {{lang|fr|ingénieur diplomé}} (graduate engineer) is an official academic title that is protected by the government and is associated with the ''[[Diplôme d'Ingénieur]]'', which is a renowned academic degree in France. Anyone misusing this title in France can be fined a large sum and jailed, as it is usually reserved for graduates of French engineering ''[[grandes écoles]]''. Engineering schools which were created during the French revolution have a special reputation among the French people, as they helped to make the transition from a mostly agricultural country of late 18th century to the industrially developed France of the 19th century. A great part of 19th-century France's economic wealth and industrial prowess was created by engineers that have graduated from [[École Centrale Paris]], [[Mines Paris - PSL|École des Mines de Paris]], [[École polytechnique]] or [[Télécom Paris]]. This was also the case after WWII when France had to be rebuilt. Before the "réforme [[René Haby]]" in the 1970s, it was very difficult to be admitted to such schools, and the French {{lang|fr|ingénieurs}} were commonly perceived as the nation's élite. However, after the Haby reform and a series of further reforms ([[Modernization plans of French universities]]), several engineering schools were created which can be accessed with relatively lower competition.

Engineering positions in France are now shared between the {{lang|fr|ingénieurs diplomés}} graduating from engineering {{lang|fr|grandes écoles}} and the holders of a [[master's degree]] in science from [[List of public universities in France|public universities]].