Editing Emmy Noether (section)

===Expulsion from Göttingen by Nazi Germany===
When [[Adolf Hitler]] became the [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|German ''Reichskanzler'']] in January&nbsp;1933, [[Nazi]] activity around the country increased dramatically. At the University of Göttingen, the German Student Association led the attack on the "un-German spirit" attributed to Jews and was aided by ''[[privatdozent]]'' and Noether's former student [[Werner Weber (mathematician)|Werner Weber]]. [[Antisemitism|Antisemitic]] attitudes created a climate hostile to Jewish professors. One young protester reportedly demanded: "Aryan students want [[Deutsche Mathematik|Aryan mathematics]] and not Jewish mathematics."{{sfn|Kimberling|1981|p=29}}

One of the first actions of Hitler's administration was the [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]] which removed Jews and politically suspect government employees (including university professors) from their jobs unless they had "demonstrated their loyalty to Germany" by [[Frontkämpferprivileg|serving in World War&nbsp;I]]. In April&nbsp;1933 Noether received a notice from the Prussian Ministry for Sciences, Art, and Public Education which read: "On the basis of paragraph&nbsp;3 of the Civil Service Code of 7&nbsp;April 1933, I hereby withdraw from you the right to teach at the University of Göttingen."{{Sfn|Dick|1981|pp=75–76}}{{sfn |Kimberling|1981|pp=28–29}} Several of Noether's colleagues, including [[Max Born]] and [[Richard Courant]], also had their positions revoked.{{sfn|Dick|1981|pp=75–76}}{{sfn|Kimberling|1981|pp=28–29}}

Noether accepted the decision calmly, providing support for others during this difficult time. [[Hermann Weyl]] later wrote that "Emmy Noether{{snd}}her courage, her frankness, her unconcern about her own fate, her conciliatory spirit{{snd}}was in the midst of all the hatred and meanness, despair and sorrow surrounding us, a moral solace."{{sfn|Kimberling|1981|p=29}} Typically, Noether remained focused on mathematics, gathering students in her apartment to discuss [[class field theory]]. When one of her students appeared in the uniform of the Nazi [[paramilitary]] organization ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA), she showed no sign of agitation and, reportedly, even laughed about it later.{{sfn|Dick|1981|pp=75–76}}{{sfn|Kimberling|1981|pp=28–29}}