Editing Economy of Macau (section)

==Political economy and social welfare==

Prior to the 1930s Macau had a [[Laissez-Faire]] type of welfare provision. Publicly funded schools available were taught in Portuguese.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hui|first1=Samuel|last2=Aspalter|first2=Christian|last3=Lai|first3=Dicky|title=Social Welfare in Macau - Between East and West: A Comparative, Analytical Welfare Regime Perspective|date=23 March 2012|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2027764|s2cid=150874326}}</ref> The first welfare program was created in the late 1930s – it was called the Public Charity Society. The main objective of the organization is to provide for the poor and orphans.<ref>{{cite web|title=. "Development History." Social Welfare Bureau of MSAR Government|url=http://www.ias.gov.mo/en/about-swb/development-history/development-history|website=Instituto De Accao social.|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531210703/http://www.ias.gov.mo/en/about-swb/development-history/development-history|url-status=dead}}</ref> The development of a welfare state was gradual and primitive. In 1947, a number of [[reforms]] were made. Most notably, the social relief card was established which was only given to those in need. In the 60s the Public Relief Society became the Public Relief Branch. Services broaden to cover other areas such as disaster relief. This is an important addition because Macau have high risks of frequent [[typhoons]]. In addition, many facilities were also built, including rehabilitation centers and center for blind and deaf assistance. Throughout the 60s and 70s, housing was provided to the poor, disabled and elderly. Financial aid for health care and education is also provided to poor.<ref>{{cite web|title="Development History." Social Welfare Bureau of MSAR Government|url=http://www.ias.gov.mo/en/about-swb/development-history/development-history|website=Instituto De Accao social|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531210703/http://www.ias.gov.mo/en/about-swb/development-history/development-history|url-status=dead}}</ref> During this period the government have also started subsidizing private schools.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hui|first1=Samuel|last2=Aspalter|first2=Christian|last3=Lai|first3=Dicky|title=Social Welfare in Macau – Between East and West: A Comparative, Analytical Welfare Regime Perspective|date=23 March 2012|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2027764|s2cid=150874326}}</ref> Another restructuring of the system happened in 1980. The Department of Social Welfare was officially established. Further adjustments were made in the late 80s that separated the department into three branches, including the Macao Governor, Social Welfare Committee and the Department for Social Welfare. It established four principles "equality, efficiency, mutual assistance and participation". Four offices were also set up in Santo António e São Lázaro, São Lourenço e Sé, Nossa Senhora de Fátima, and Ilias. The purpose of these offices is to make it more convenient for people to make a visit and for the workers to also get closer to the locals in their region. In the 90s, an additional office was set up in llhas Verde due to high demand in the Northern region. The department also became increasingly involved in familial issues by offering [[counseling]].<ref>{{cite web|title="Development History." Social Welfare Bureau of MSAR Government|url=http://www.ias.gov.mo/en/about-swb/development-history/development-history|website=Instituto De Accao social.|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531210703/http://www.ias.gov.mo/en/about-swb/development-history/development-history|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Social Welfare Bureau – which remained to this day - was established after the handover to China in 1999. Initially Macau faced challenges from a weak economy and high [[unemployment]] rate but in 2002, gaming was legalized and increased the government revenue. Due to the rapid economic growth driven by the gambling industry, [[foreign investments]] and [[tourism]], the government is now able to provide more public services.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chan|first1=Kam Wah|last2=Lee|first2=James|title=Social Welfare Policy: A 'Flexible' Strategy?|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|pages=197–214|date=2011|jstor=j.ctt1xwg2h.20|chapter=A 'Flexible' Strategy?|isbn=9789888083282}}</ref> Macau's social welfare programs have grown to be comparable to the most [[developed countries]] in the world. Free [[healthcare]] is universal and offered in public hospitals but private services is also subsidized by 30%, for pregnant women, students, civil servants and people 65 and above, it is completely subsidized. The government extend benefits for many of these citizens.<ref>{{Cite book |doi = 10.1109/SeGAH.2013.6665312|chapter = Public healthcare system in Macao|title = 2013 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH)|pages = 1–8|year = 2013|last1 = Ferrao|first1 = Silvia O. S.|last2 = Gaspar|first2 = Elisa Lei|isbn = 978-1-4673-6165-1|s2cid = 14875937}}</ref> Improvements in the rise of employment and income is also linked to higher satisfaction with quality of life.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=Ian|title=Social Stability and Economic Growth|journal=Gaming, Governance and Public Policy in Macao|pages=1–16|date=2011|jstor=j.ctt1xwg2h.8|isbn=9789888083282}}</ref> The government provide 15 years of free education, social insurance and social assistance to all citizens. Similar to a lot of East Asian countries, the social welfare model in Macau does not fit neatly in "the three worlds of [[welfare capitalism]]". It has been argued that it functions more like a regulatory welfare regime.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1177/0020872812452176|title = Macao's welfare model: An extreme world of welfare capitalism?|journal = International Social Work|volume = 57|issue = 6|pages = 676–687|year = 2014|last1 = Lai|first1 = Dicky Wai Leung|s2cid = 143637023}}</ref>

Nevertheless, Macau's [[public sector]] appears to be quite small. Workers in the public sector is one of the highest paid occupation due to constitutional law that was set during the handover. Therefore, as a result the government often offer short-term or part-time contracts to make it more affordable although contracts usually get renewed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chou|first1=Bill K.P.|title=Public Sector Reform in Macao After the Handover|journal=China Perspectives|date=1 October 2016}}</ref> It is reported that many workers in the police force have left to work in casinos for better pay. Economic growth also brings inequality, competition is getting higher as more foreigner and mainland workers are overtaking local poor in skills. This evidently produced an increase in citizen participation in [[elections]] and [[protests]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Edmonds|first1=Richard|title=Political Change in Macao. Lo Sonny Shiu-Hing. London and New York: Routledge, 2008. xvi + 166 pp. £75.00. {{Text|ISBN}} 978-0-415-39577-9|journal=The China Quarterly|date=2008|volume=195|pages=708–710|doi=10.1017/S0305741008001008|s2cid=153421849}}</ref> The focus on the gambling and tourism industry also come at the expense of other sectors. As of 2009, 44.9% of labor work in the tourist industry. It is reported in 2006 that 44 times the population of Macau visited the city that year. Furthermore, all profitable big business like hotels and casinos are owned by foreign investors, which comes at the expense of local family businesses. This had led to a violent protest on Labor Day in 2007. No such civil unrest has ever been record in Macau history before or after the handover but it caught real attention because the city had a [[GDP]] growth of 17% the year prior.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sheng|first1=Li|last2=Tsui|first2=Yanming|title=A general equilibrium approach to tourism and welfare: The case of Macao|journal=Habitat International|date=1 October 2009|volume=33 |issue=4|pages=419–424|doi=10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.01.002}}</ref>