Editing Economy of Canada (section)

===Energy===
{{Main|Energy in Canada}}
Canada has access to cheap sources of energy because of its geography. This has enabled the creation of several important industries, such as the large [[aluminium|aluminum]] industries in British Columbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidetobceconomy.org/major_industries/resource_based.htm |title=Resource-based Industries and High-tech Manufacturing – Goods Sector – Major Industries – A Guide to the BC Economy and Labour Market |publisher=Guidetobceconomy.org |access-date=November 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907052003/http://www.guidetobceconomy.org/major_industries/resource_based.htm |archive-date=September 7, 2011 }}</ref> and Quebec.<ref>{{cite web|last=Canadian |first=The |url=http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/general/aluminum-heavyweights-to-make-15-billion-quebec-investment-43389 |title=Aluminum heavyweights to make $15-billion Quebec investment |publisher=Canadian Manufacturing |date=October 4, 2011 |access-date=November 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013193436/http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/general/aluminum-heavyweights-to-make-15-billion-quebec-investment-43389 |archive-date=October 13, 2011 }}</ref> Canada is also one of the world's highest per capita consumers of energy.<ref>[http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/Indicators/Issues/Energy/Bulletin/ec_iss_e.cfm Environment Canada – Energy Consumption] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040222212419/http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/Indicators/Issues/Energy/Bulletin/ec_iss_e.cfm |date=February 22, 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environmentalindicators.com/htdocs/indicators/8ener.htm |title=Canada vs. The OECD: An Environmental Comparison |publisher=Environmentalindicators.com |access-date=February 22, 2011}}</ref>

====Electricity====
{{Main|Electricity sector in Canada}}
The [[electricity sector]] in [[Canada]] has played a significant role in the economic and political life of the country since the late 19th century. The sector is organized along provincial and territorial lines. In a majority of provinces, large [[government-owned company|government-owned]] integrated public utilities play a leading role in the [[electricity generation|generation]], [[electric power transmission|transmission]] and [[electric power distribution|distribution]] of electricity.  [[Ontario]] and [[Alberta]] have created [[electricity market]]s in the last decade in order to increase investment and competition in this sector of the economy. In 2017, the electricity sector accounted for 10% of total national greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html|title=Greenhouse gas emissions|date=January 9, 2007|website=Canada.ca|publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411165603/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html|archive-date=April 11, 2020|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> Canada has substantial electricity trade with the neighbouring [[United States]] amounting to 72 TWh exports and 10 TWh imports in 2017.

[[Hydroelectricity]] accounted for 59% of all electric generation in Canada in 2016,<ref>{{citation|author=Natural Resources Canada|title=Electricity Facts|date=October 6, 2017|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/facts/electricity/20068#L3|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=May 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501204710/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/facts/electricity/20068#L3|url-status=dead}}</ref> making Canada the world's second-largest producer of hydroelectricity after China.<ref>{{citation |author=International Energy Agency |title=Key World Energy Statistics 2010 |publisher=IEA/OECD |location=Paris |page=19 |url=http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |access-date=September 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |archive-date=October 11, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Since 1960, large hydroelectric projects, especially in [[Quebec]], [[British Columbia]], [[Manitoba]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], have significantly increased the country's generation capacity.

The second-largest single source of power (15% of the total) is nuclear power, with several plants in Ontario generating more than half of that province's electricity and one generator in [[Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station|New Brunswick]]. This makes Canada the world's sixth-largest electricity producer generated by nuclear power, producing 95 TWh in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 15 Nuclear Generating Countries|url=https://www.nei.org/resources/statistics/top-15-nuclear-generating-countries|publisher=Nuclear Energy Institute|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref>

Fossil fuels provide 19% of Canadian electric power, about half as coal (9% of the total), and the remainder a mix of natural gas and oil. Only five provinces use coal for electricity generation. Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia rely on coal for nearly half of their generation, while other provinces and territories use little or none. Alberta and Saskatchewan also use a substantial amount of natural gas. Remote communities, including all of Nunavut and much of the Northwest Territories, produce most of their electricity from diesel generators at high economic and environmental costs. The federal government has set up initiatives to reduce dependence on diesel-fired electricity.<ref>{{citation|author=Natural Resources Canada|title=Reducing diesel energy in rural and remote communities|date=January 30, 2018|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/science/programs-funding/20542|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=June 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612181027/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/science/programs-funding/20542|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Non-hydro renewables are a fast-growing portion of the total, at 7% in 2016.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

====Oil and gas====
{{See also|Petroleum production in Canada}}
[[File:SyncrudeWoodBuffalo.JPG|thumb|[[Syncrude]]'s Mildred Lake plant site at the [[Athabasca oil sands]] in [[Alberta]]]]
Canada possesses extensive oil and gas resources centered in Alberta, and the Northern Territories but is also present in neighboring [[British Columbia]] and [[Saskatchewan]]. The vast [[Athabasca oil sands]] give Canada the world's third-largest reserves of oil after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, according to [[USGS]]. The oil and gas industry represents 27% of Canada's total [[greenhouse gas emissions]], an increase of 84% since 1990, mostly due to the development of the oil sands.<ref name=":0" />

Historically, an important issue in Canadian politics is the interplay between the oil and energy industry in [[Western Canada]] and the industrial heartland of Southern Ontario. Foreign investment in Western oil projects has fueled [[Canada]]'s rising dollar. This has raised the price of Ontario's manufacturing exports and made them less competitive, a problem similar to the [[Dutch disease|decline of the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/07/20/growing-equalization-payments-to-ontario-threaten-country-expert/|title=Growing Equalization Payments to Ontario Threaten Country|author=Lee Greenberg|date=July 20, 2011|newspaper=National Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Does the Canadian economy suffer from Dutch Disease? |author1=Michel Beine |author2=Charles S. Bos |author3=Serge Coulombe |date=January 2009 |url=http://www.economie.uqam.ca/pages/docs/Beine_Michel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117204453/http://www.economie.uqam.ca/pages/docs/Beine_Michel.pdf |archive-date=November 17, 2011 }}</ref>

The [[National Energy Policy]] of the early 1980s attempted to make Canada oil-sufficient and to ensure equal supply and price of oil in all parts of Canada, especially for the eastern manufacturing base.<ref name="canadian_eclopedia">{{citation |title=National Energy Program |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada |date=January 2005 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-energy-program |access-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-date=May 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519131210/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/national-energy-program/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This policy proved deeply divisive as it forced Alberta to sell low-priced oil to eastern Canada.<ref name="National_Post_2012">{{citation |title=A legacy rich as oil: Ex-Alberta premier Peter Lougheed's ideas imprinted on party still in power 41 years later |first=Jen |last=Gerson |date=September 14, 2012 |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/09/14/a-legacy-rich-as-oil-ex-alberta-premier-peter-lougheeds-ideas-imprinted-on-party-still-in-power-41-years-later/ |work=National Post |access-date=February 3, 2015}}</ref> The policy was eliminated 5 years after it was first announced amid a collapse of oil prices in 1985. The new Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]] had campaigned against the policy in the [[1984 Canadian federal election]]. One of the most controversial sections of the [[Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement]] of 1988 was a promise that Canada would never charge the United States more for energy than fellow Canadians.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-emissions/sources-sinks-executive-summary-2019.html|title=Greenhouse gas sources and sinks: executive summary 2019|date=August 19, 2019|website=aem|publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407201526/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-emissions/sources-sinks-executive-summary-2019.html|archive-date=April 7, 2020|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref>