Editing Early Islamic philosophy (section)

==Ethics==
{{Main|Islamic ethics}}

===Environmental philosophy===
Perhaps due to resource scarcity in most Islamic nations, there was an emphasis on limited (and some claim also sustainable) use of [[natural capital]], i.e. producing land. Traditions of [[haram]] and [[hima (environmental protection)|hima]] and early [[urban planning]] were expressions of strong social obligations to stay within [[carrying capacity]] and to preserve the [[natural environment]] as an obligation of khalifa or "stewardship".<ref>S. Nomanul Haq, "Islam", in Dale Jamieson (2001), ''A Companion to Environmental Philosophy'', pp. 111-129, [[Blackwell Publishing]], {{ISBN|1-4051-0659-X}}.</ref>

Muhammad is considered a pioneer of [[environmentalism]] for his teachings on [[environmental preservation]]. His [[hadith]]s on [[agriculture]] and [[environmental philosophy]] were compiled in the "Book of Agriculture" of the ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]'', which included the following saying:<ref>S. Nomanul Haq, "Islam", in Dale Jamieson (2001), ''A Companion to Environmental Philosophy'', pp. 111-129 [119-129], [[Blackwell Publishing]], {{ISBN|1-4051-0659-X}}.</ref>

{{blockquote|Allah's Messenger said, "There is none amongst the Muslims who plants a tree or sows seeds, and then a bird, or a person or an animal eats from it, but is regarded as a charitable gift for him."|{{href|bukhari|2320|b=yl}}}}

Several such statements concerning the environment are also found in the [[Qur'an]], such as the following:<ref>S. Nomanul Haq, "Islam", in Dale Jamieson (2001), ''A Companion to Environmental Philosophy'', pp. 111-129 [111-119], [[Blackwell Publishing]], {{ISBN|1-4051-0659-X}}.</ref>

{{blockquote|All living beings roaming the earth and winged birds soaring in the sky are communities like yourselves.1 We have left nothing out of the Record.2 Then to their Lord they will be gathered all together.|{{qref|6|38|c=y}}}}

The earliest known treatises dealing with [[environmentalism]] and [[environmental science]], especially [[pollution]], were [[Islamic medicine|Arabic medical treatises]] written by [[al-Kindi]], [[Qusta ibn Luqa]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|al-Razi]], [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]], [[al-Tamimi]], [[al-Masihi]], [[Avicenna]], [[Ali ibn Ridwan]], [[Ibn Jumay‘]], [[Isaac Israeli ben Solomon]], Ibn al-Quff, and [[Ibn al-Nafis]]. Their works covered a number of subjects related to pollution such as [[air pollution]], [[water pollution]], [[soil contamination]], [[municipal solid waste]] mishandling, and [[environmental impact assessment]]s of certain localities.<ref>L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", ''Environment and History'' '''8''' (4), pp. 475-488.</ref> [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]], [[al-Andalus]] also had the first [[waste container]]s and [[waste disposal]] facilities for [[litter]] collection.<ref>S. P. Scott (1904), ''History of the Moorish Empire in Europe'', 3 vols, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London. <br /> F. B. Artz (1980), ''The Mind of the Middle Ages'', Third edition revised, [[University of Chicago Press]], pp 148-50. <br /> ([[cf.]] [http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=441 References] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229042135/http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=441 |date=2008-02-29 }}, 1001 Inventions)</ref>

===Medical ethics===
{{Main|Bimaristan}}

The [[ethical]] standards of Muslim physicians was first laid down in the 9th century by Ishaq bin Ali Rahawi, who wrote the ''Adab al-Tabib'' (''Conduct of a Physician''), the first treatist dedicated to [[medical ethics]]. He regarded physicians as "guardians of souls and bodies", and wrote twenty chapters on various topics related to medical ethics, including:<ref name=Ethics>[http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=570 Islamic Science, the Scholar and Ethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922222605/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=570 |date=2007-09-22 }}, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.</ref>

* What the [[physician]] must avoid and beware of
* The manners of visitors
* The care of [[cure|remedies]] by the physician
* The [[dignity]] of the medical [[profession]]
* The [[Test (assessment)|examination]] of physicians
* The removal of corruption among physicians

===Humanism===
Many medieval Muslim thinkers pursued [[humanistic]], [[Rationalism|rational]] and scientific [[discourse]]s in their search for knowledge, meaning and [[Value (personal and cultural)|values]]. A wide range of Islamic writings on love [[poetry]], history and [[philosophical theology]] show that medieval Islamic thought was open to the humanistic ideas of [[individualism]], occasional [[secularism]], [[skepticism]] and [[liberalism]].<ref name="Goodman"/>

Another reason the Islamic world flourished during the Middle Ages was an early emphasis on [[freedom of speech]], as summarized by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph [[al-Ma'mun]]) in the following letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to [[Religious conversion|convert]] through [[reason]]:<ref>{{citation|first=I. A. |last=Ahmad |contribution=The Rise and Fall of Islamic Science: The Calendar as a Case Study |title=Faith and Reason: Convergence and Complementarity |publisher=[[Al-Akhawayn University]] |date=June 3, 2002 |url=http://images.agustianwar.multiply.com/attachment/0/RxbYbQoKCr4AAD@kzFY1/IslamicCalendar-A-Case-Study.pdf |access-date=2008-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227095928/http://images.agustianwar.multiply.com/attachment/0/RxbYbQoKCr4AAD%40kzFY1/IslamicCalendar-A-Case-Study.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2008 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|"Bring forward all the arguments you wish and say whatever you please and speak your mind freely. Now that you are safe and free to say whatever you please appoint some arbitrator who will impartially judge between us and lean only towards the truth and be free from the empery of passion, and that arbitrator shall be [[Reason]], whereby God makes us responsible for our own rewards and punishments. Herein I have dealt justly with you and have given you full security and am ready to accept whatever decision Reason may give for me or against me. For "There is no compulsion in religion" ({{qref|2|256|b=y}}) and I have only invited you to accept our faith willingly and of your own accord and have pointed out the hideousness of your present belief. Peace be with you and the blessings of God!"}}

Certain aspects of [[Renaissance humanism]] has its roots in the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Islamic world]], including the "art of ''[[Dictation (exercise)|dictation]]'', called in Latin, ''[[ars dictaminis]]'',"
and "the humanist attitude toward [[classical language]]."<ref>{{citation|last=Makdisi|first=George|title=Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=109|issue=2|date=April–June 1989|pages=175–182|doi=10.2307/604423|jstor=604423|publisher=Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 2}}</ref>