Editing Douglas MacArthur (section)

===Chief of Staff===
By 1930, MacArthur was 50 and still the youngest and one of the best known of the U.S. Army's major generals. He left the Philippines on 19 September 1930 and for a brief time was in command of the IX Corps Area in San Francisco. On 21 November, he was sworn in as Chief of Staff of the United States Army, with the rank of general.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=340–347}} While in Washington, he would ride home each day to have lunch with his mother. At his desk, he would wear a Japanese ceremonial [[kimono]], cool himself with an oriental fan, and smoke cigarettes in a jeweled [[cigarette holder]]. In the evenings, he liked to read military history books. About this time, he began referring to himself as "MacArthur".{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=145}} He had already hired a public relations staff to promote his image with the American public, together with a set of ideas he was known to favor, namely: a belief that America needed a strongman leader to deal with the possibility that Communists might lead all of the great masses of unemployed into a revolution; that America's destiny was in the Asia-Pacific region; and a strong hostility to the British Empire.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2001|p=181}} One contemporary described MacArthur as the greatest actor to ever serve as a U.S. Army general while another wrote that MacArthur had a court rather than a staff.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2001|p=182}}

The onset of the [[Great Depression]] prompted Congress to make cuts in the Army's personnel and budget. Some 53 bases were closed, but MacArthur managed to prevent attempts to reduce the number of regular officers from 12,000 to 10,000.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=357–361}} MacArthur's main programs included the development of new mobilization plans. He grouped the nine corps areas together under four armies, which were charged with responsibility for training and frontier defense.{{sfn|James|1970|p=367}} He also negotiated the MacArthur-Pratt agreement with the [[Chief of Naval Operations]], [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[William V. Pratt]]. This was the first of a series of inter-service agreements over the following decades that defined the responsibilities of the different services with respect to aviation. This agreement placed coastal air defense under the Army. In March 1935, MacArthur activated a centralized air command, [[General Headquarters Air Force]], under General [[Frank M. Andrews]].{{sfn|James|1970|pp=458–460}}

By rapidly promoting Andrews from lieutenant colonel to brigadier general MacArthur supported Andrews' endorsement of the [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]] heavy bomber and the concept of long-range four-engine bombers. This was controversial at the time because most high-ranking Army generals and officials in the War Department supported twin-engine bombers like the [[Douglas B-18 Bolo]] heavy bomber. After MacArthur left his position as Army Chief of Staff in October 1935 his successor [[Malin Craig]] and War Secretary [[Harry Hines Woodring]] ordered a halt to research and development of the B-17 and in 1939 zero four-engine bombers were ordered by the War Department and instead hundreds of inferior B-18s and other twin-engine bombers were ordered and delivered to the Army. Andrews, thanks to MacArthur putting him in a position of power in 1935, was able to use bureaucratic loopholes to covertly order research and development of the B-17 to the point that when the Army and President Roosevelt finally endorsed four-engine bombers in 1940 B-17s were able to be immediately produced with no delays related to research and testing.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://media.defense.gov/2016/Mar/14/2001480192/-1/-1/0/0908GHQ.PDF |title=GHQ Air Force |last=Correll |first=John T. |magazine=Air Force Magazine |date=September 2008 |pages=64–66 |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rise of the Air Corps |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/rise-of-the-air-corps/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

The development of the [[M1 Garand]] rifle also happened during MacArthur's tenure as chief of staff. There was a debate over what caliber the M1 Garand should use. Many in the Army and Marine Corps wanted the new rifle to use the [[.276 Pedersen]] round. MacArthur personally intervened and ordered the M1 Garand to use the [[.30-06 Springfield]] round, which was what the [[M1903 Springfield]] used. This allowed the military to use the same ammunition for both the old standard service M1903 Springfield rifles and the future new standard service M1 Garand. The M1 Garand, chambered in .30-06 Springfield, was cleared for service in November 1935 and officially adopted in January 1936 as the new Army service rifle just a few months after MacArthur finished his tour of duty as chief of staff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M1 Garand Semi-Automatic Rifle {{!}} MilitaryToday.com |url=https://www.militarytoday.com/firearms/m1_garand.htm |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.militarytoday.com |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928040328/https://www.militarytoday.com/firearms/m1_garand.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1977). "Garand". The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Weapons and Warfare. Vol. 10. London: Phoebus. p. 1088.</ref>

====Bonus Army====
One of MacArthur's most controversial acts came in 1932, when the "[[Bonus Army]]" of veterans converged on Washington. He sent tents and camp equipment to the demonstrators, along with mobile kitchens, until an outburst in Congress caused the kitchens to be withdrawn. MacArthur was concerned that the demonstration had been taken over by communists and pacifists but the General Staff's intelligence division reported that only three of the march's 26 key leaders were communists. MacArthur went over contingency plans for civil disorder in the capital. Mechanized equipment was brought to Fort Myer, where anti-riot training was conducted.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=389–392}}

[[File:Bonus marchers 05510 2004 001 a.gif|thumb|left|Bonus Army marchers confront the police.|alt= Police with batons confront demonstrators armed with bricks and clubs. A policeman and a demonstrator wrestle over a U.S. flag.]]
On 28 July 1932, in a clash with the District police, two veterans were shot, and later died. President [[Herbert Hoover]] ordered MacArthur to "surround the affected area and clear it without delay".{{sfn|James|1970|p=397}} MacArthur brought up troops and tanks and, against the advice of Major [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], decided to accompany the troops, although he was not in charge of the operation. The troops advanced with bayonets and sabers drawn under a shower of bricks and rocks, but no shots were fired. In less than four hours, they cleared the Bonus Army's campground using tear gas. The gas canisters started a number of fires, causing the only death during the riots. While not as violent as other anti-riot operations, it was nevertheless a public relations disaster.{{sfn|Leary|2001|pp=36–38}} However, the defeat of the "Bonus Army", while unpopular with the American people at large, did make MacArthur into the hero of the more right-wing elements in the Republican Party who believed that the general had saved America from a communist revolution in 1932.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2001|p=181}}

In 1934, MacArthur sued journalists [[Drew Pearson (journalist)|Drew Pearson]] and [[Robert S. Allen]] for defamation after they described his treatment of the Bonus marchers as "unwarranted, unnecessary, insubordinate, harsh and brutal".{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=156}} Also accused for proposing 19-gun salutes for friends, MacArthur asked for $750,000 (equivalent to ${{format price|{{inflation|US-GDP|750000|1934}}}} in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{inflation/fn|US-GDP}} to compensate for the damage to his reputation.<ref>{{cite web |last= Stein |first= Jacob A. |date= November 2001 |title= Legal Spectator: Defamation |website=DCBar.org |url= https://www.dcbar.org/bar-resources/publications/washington-lawyer/articles/november-2001-legal-spectator.cfm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050331/https://www.dcbar.org/bar-resources/publications/washington-lawyer/articles/november-2001-legal-spectator.cfm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 5 November 2016}}</ref> The journalists threatened to call [[Isabel Rosario Cooper]] as a witness. MacArthur had met Isabel while in the Philippines, and she had become his mistress. MacArthur was forced to settle out of court, secretly paying Pearson $15,000{{sfn|Petillo|1981|pp=164–166}} ({{inflation|US-GDP|15000|1934|r=-3|fmt=eq}}).{{inflation/fn|US-GDP}}

====New Deal====
[[File:Civilian Conservation Corps - NARA - 195832.jpg|thumb|right|Civilian Conservation Corps workers on a project alongside a road|alt=Five workmen. One is holding a shovel, while the other four are laying bricks to form a drainage ditch along the side of a road.]]
In the [[1932 United States presidential election|1932 presidential election]], Herbert Hoover was defeated by [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. MacArthur and Roosevelt had worked together before World War I and had remained friends despite their political differences. MacArthur supported the [[New Deal]] through the Army's operation of the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]]. He ensured that detailed plans were drawn up for its employment and decentralized its administration to the corps areas, which became an important factor in the program's success.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=415–420}} MacArthur's support for a strong military, and his public criticism of pacifism and isolationism,{{sfn|James|1970|pp=376–377}} made him unpopular with the Roosevelt administration.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=445–447}}

Perhaps the most incendiary exchange between Roosevelt and MacArthur occurred over an administration proposal to cut 51% of the Army's budget. In response, MacArthur lectured Roosevelt that "when we lost the next war, and an American boy, lying in the mud with an enemy bayonet through his belly and an enemy foot on his dying throat, spat out his last curse, I wanted the name not to be MacArthur, but Roosevelt". In response, Roosevelt yelled, "you must not talk that way to the President!" MacArthur offered to resign, but Roosevelt refused his request, and MacArthur then staggered out of the White House and vomited on the front steps.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=101}}

In spite of such exchanges, MacArthur was extended an extra year as chief of staff, and ended his tour in October 1935.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=445–447}} For his service as chief of staff, he was awarded a second Distinguished Service Medal. He was retroactively awarded two Purple Hearts for his World War I service,{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=102–103}} a decoration that he authorized in 1932 based loosely on the defunct Military Badge of Merit. MacArthur insisted on being the first recipient of the Purple Heart, which he had engraved with "#1".{{sfn|Vierk|2005|p=231}}{{sfn|Thompson|2006|p=72}}