Editing Demographics of Hungary (section)

==Ethnic groups and language==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! style="width:5%;"| County
! style="width:5%;"| Hungarian
! style="width:5%;"| Bulgarian
! style="width:5%;"| Romani
! style="width:5%;"| Greek
! style="width:5%;"| Croat
! style="width:5%;"| Polish
! style="width:5%;"| German
! style="width:5%;"| Armenian
! style="width:5%;"| Romanian
! style="width:5%;"| Rusyn
! style="width:5%;"| Serbian
! style="width:5%;"| Slovak
! style="width:5%;"| Slovenian
! style="width:5%;"| Ukrainian
|-
| '''All''' || 93.5% || 0.1% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 3.2% || 0.0% || 0.3% || 0.1% || 1.9% || 0.0% || 0.4% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.4% || 0.0% || 0.1%
|-
| [[Budapest]] || 95.5% || 0.1% || 1.2% || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.2% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 1.7% || 0.1% || 0.5% || 0.0% || 0.1%  || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.1%
|-
| [[Bács-Kiskun County|Bács-Kiskun]] || 93.7% || 0.0% || 2.2% || 0.0% || 0.7% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 2.4% || 0.0% || 0.3% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.4% || 0.0% || 0.0%
|-
| [[Baranya County|Baranya]] || 86.3% || 0.1% || 4.6% || 0.0% || 1.9% || 0.1% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 6.7% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0%
|-
| [[Békés County|Békés]] || 91.9% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 2.7% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.9% || 0.0% || 1.7% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 2.5% || 0.0% || 0.0%
|-
| [[Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County|Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén]] || 90.0% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 8.5% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.6% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.2% || 0.0% ||0.3% || 0.0% || 0.1%
|-
| [[Csongrád County|Csongrád]] || 96.8% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 1.2% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.0% || 0.6% || 0.0% || 0.5% || 0.0% || 0.5% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.0%
|-
| [[Fejér County|Fejér]] || 96.0% || 0.0% || 1.5% || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.1% ||style="background:#FFEBAD" | 1.7% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.0% || 0.1%
|-
| [[Győr-Moson-Sopron County|Győr-Moson-Sopron]] || 95.0% || 0.1% || 0.8% || 0.0% || 0.7% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 2.7% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.4% || 0.0% || 0.0%
|-
| [[Hajdú-Bihar County|Hajdú-Bihar]] || 95.4% || 0.1% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 3.4% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.4% || 0.0% || 0.5% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% ||
0.1%
|-
| [[Heves County|Heves]] || 92.6% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 6.3% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.5% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.1%
|-
| [[Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County|Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok]] || 94.2% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 4.9% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.4% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0%
|-
| [[Komárom-Esztergom County|Komárom-Esztergom]] || 93.2% || 0.1% || 1.4% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.1% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 3.6% || 0.0% || 0.3% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 1.2% || 0.0% || 0.1%
|-
| [[Nógrád County|Nógrád]] || 90.0% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 7.7% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.7% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 1.4% || 0.0% || 0.0%
|-
| [[Pest County|Pest]] || 94.2% || 0.1% || 1.7% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.1% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 2.5% || 0.0% || 0.5% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.6% || 0.0% || 0.1%
|-
| [[Somogy County|Somogy]] || 92.1% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 5.3% || 0.0% || 0.5% || 0.0% || 1.7% || 0.0% ||0.1% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0%
|-
| [[Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County|Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg]] || 90.8% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 8.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.5% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.1% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.0% || 0.3%
|-
| [[Tolna County|Tolna]] || 90.3% || 0.0% || 3.9% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 5.2% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.0% || 0.0%
|-
| [[Vas County|Vas]] || 94.5% || 0.0% || 1.0% || 0.0% || 1.2% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 2.1% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.7% || 0.0%
|-
| [[Veszprém County|Veszprém]] || 94.8% || 0.0% || 1.5% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.1% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 3.2% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.0% || 0.1%
|-
| [[Zala County|Zala]] || 94.1% || 0.0% || style="background:#FFEBAD" | 2.6% || 0.0% || 1.3% || 0.0% || 1.6% || 0.0% || 0.1% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0% || 0.0%
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terezvaros.hu/testuleti/nepsz2011-3/|title=Népszámlálás 2011 - Területi adatok|website=www.terezvaros.hu}}</ref>

===History and census numbers===
'''Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)'''[[File:Ethnographic map of hungary 1910 by teleki carte rouge.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Red Map.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Teleki Pál – egy ellentmondásos életút|magazine=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Hungary |language=hu |url=http://www.geographic.hu/index.php?act=napi&id=1707|date=2004-02-18|access-date=2008-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A kartográfia története|publisher=Babits Publishing Company|language=hu|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/868.html|access-date=2008-01-30}}</ref> Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km<sup>2</sup><ref name="ReferenceA"/> are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.<ref name="dailynewshungary_com" />{{legend|#CC0000|[[Hungarian people|Hungarians]]}}{{legend|#FF9900|[[German people|Germans]]}}{{legend|#99CC33|[[Slovaks]]}}{{legend|#336633|[[Rusyns]]}}{{legend|#CC99CC|[[Romanians]]}}{{legend|#3366CC|[[Serbs]]}}{{legend|gray|[[Croats]]}}{{legend|white|border=black solid 2px|Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km}}]]

Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of the [[Treaty of Trianon]], decreasing from 20.9&nbsp;million to 7.6&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=2011-01-01 |archive-date=2022-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=dead }}</ref> and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7&nbsp;million) of its ethnic [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]],<ref name="Frucht" /> Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Treaty of Trianon WORLD WAR I [1920] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Trianon |website=Britannica |access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Hungary1910-1920.png|thumb|right|250px|Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland.<ref>Francis Tapon: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GlbAmn_cajYC&q=%22half+of+its+10+biggest+cities%22&pg=PA221 The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us]'', Thomson Press India, 2012</ref><ref>Molnar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y0g4YEp7ZrsC&dq=found+themselves+separated+from+their+motherland&pg=PA262 ''A Concise History of Hungary''], p. 262</ref><ref>Richard C. Frucht, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&dq=found+themselves+separated+from+their+motherland&pg=RA1-PA360 ''Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture''] pp. 359–360M1</ref> Based on the 1910 census. Administrative Hungary in green, autonomous Croatia-Slavonia grey.]]
According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54.5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excluding [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]].
Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parentheses.

* In [[Upper Hungary]] (mostly [[Slovakia]]): 885,000 - 30%
* In [[Transylvania]] ([[Romania]]): 1,658,045 - 31.6%
* In [[Vojvodina]] ([[Serbia]]): 425,672 - 28.1%
* In [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] ([[Ukraine]]): 183,000 - 30%
* In [[Croatia]]: 121,000 - 3.5%
* In [[Prekmurje]] ([[Slovenia]]): 14,065 - 15%
* In [[Burgenland]] ([[Austria]]): 26,200 - 9%
'''Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data'''

Romanians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:

* In [[Upper Hungary]] (mostly [[Slovakia]]): 1,687,977 Slovaks and 1,233,454 others (mostly Hungarians - 886,044, Germans, Ruthenians and Roma). However, according to the Czechoslovak census in 1921, there were 2,025,003 (67,5%) Slovaks, 650,597 (21,7%) Hungarians, 145,844 (4,9%) Germans, 88,970 (3,0%) Ruthenians and 90,456 (3,0%) others including Jews.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census in Slovakia in 1919 and 1921|author=Pavol Tišliar |url=http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/pdf/census1919.pdf}}</ref>
* In [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] ([[Ukraine]]): 330,010 Ruthenians and 275,932 others (mostly Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, and Slovaks)
* In [[Transylvania]] ([[Romania]]): 2,831,222 Romanians (53.8%) and 2,431,273 others (mostly Hungarians - 1,662,948 (31.6%) and Germans - 563,087 (10.7%). The 1919 and 1920 Transylvanian censuses indicate a greater percentage of Romanians (57.1%/57.3%) and a smaller Hungarian minority (26.5%/25.5%)<ref>{{cite web|title=Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995|author=Árpád Varga|url=http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erdang.htm}}</ref>
* In [[Vojvodina]] and [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]] ([[Serbia]], [[Croatia]]): 2,756,000 Croats and Serbs and 1,366,000 others (mostly Hungarians and Germans)
* In [[Prekmurje]] ([[Slovenia]]): 74,199 Slovenes (80%), 14,065 Hungarians (15,2%), 2,540  Germans (2,7%)
* In [[Burgenland]] ([[Austria]]): 217,072 Germans and 69,858 others (mainly Croatian and Hungarian)
'''Post-Trianon Hungary'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Population in the territory of present-day Hungary according to ethnic group 1495–1930<ref name="etn1">A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+data+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, [[Budapest]], 2009, {{ISBN|978-963-9545-19-9}})</ref>'''
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | estimation 1495
! colspan="2" | 1715
! colspan="2" | 1785
! colspan="2" | census 1880
! colspan="2" | census 1900
! colspan="2" | census 1910
! colspan="2" | census 1920
! colspan="2" | census 1930
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
|align="left"|[[Hungarians]]
|990,000||95.6%
|1,176,000||79.1%
|2,103,000||79.0%
|4,402,364||82.4%
|5,890,999||85.9%
|6,730,299||88.4%
|7,155,973||89.6%
|8,000,335||92.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Germans]]
|17,000||1.6%
|136,600||9.2%
|291,900||11.0%
|606,363||11.3%
|604,751||8.8%
|553,179||7.3%
|550,062||6.9%
|477,153||5.5%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovaks]]
| n.d||n.d.
|37,700||2.5%
|130,400||4.9%
|199,788||3.7%
|192,227||2.8%
|165,317||2.2%
|141,877||1.8%
|104,786||1.2%
|-
|align="left"|[[Croats]]
|1,200||0.1%
|58,900||4.0%
|71,700||2.7%
|59,251||1.1%
|68,161||1.0%
|62,018||0.8%
|58,931||0.7%
|47,337||0.5%
|-
|align="left"|Others
|23,800||2.4%
|70,800||4.8%
|66,214||2.4%
|75,598||1.5%
|98,277||1.5%
|101,301||1.3%
|80,026||1.0%
|55,503||0.6%
|-
|align="left"|'''Total'''
|colspan="2" align="center"|1,032,000
|colspan="2" align="center"|1,480,000
|colspan="2" align="center"|2,663,214
|colspan="2" align="center"|5,343,364
|colspan="2" align="center"|6,854,415
|colspan="2" align="center"|7,612,114
|colspan="2" align="center"|7,986,875
|colspan="2" align="center"|8,685,109
|}
According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

* 551,212 German (6.9%)
* 141,882 Slovak (1.8%)
* 23,760 Romanian (0.3%)
* 36,858 Croatian (0.5%)
* 23,228 [[Bunjevci|Bunjevac]] and [[Šokci]] (0.3%)
* 17,131 Serb (0.2%)
* 7,000 Slovenes (0,08%)

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased.

Note: 300.000 Hungarian refugees fled to Hungary from the territory of successor states (Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia) after the WW I.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Philip D. Morgan]]|title=Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945 (Routledge history, politics)|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|date=2003|page=41|isbn=9780415169431|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mz8hLnFiz8wC&q=%22influx+of+some+300%2C000+refugees+from+the+lost%22&pg=PA41}}</ref>

'''From 1938 to 1945'''
[[File:Carte_ethnographique_de_L’Europe_Centrale.jpg|thumb|Ethnic groups in 1938 in the former territory of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], the state borders before the [[Treaty of Trianon]] of 1920 is marked on the map.{{legend|#f84048|[[Hungarians]]}}{{legend|#d5b3b2|[[Bunjevci]]}}{{legend|#c5dcd6|[[Croatians]]}}{{legend|#fad1a3|[[Germans]]}}{{legend|#fff177|[[Serbs]]}}{{legend|#bed9c6|[[Slovaks]]}}{{legend|#c0a065|[[Slovenes]]}}{{legend|#fce1d6|[[Romanians]]}}{{legend|#e2e073|[[Ruthenians]]}}{{legend|#ffffff|Unpopulated regions (high mountains, large forests, marshes)}}]]
[[File:Hungary 1941 ethnic.svg|thumb|right|250px|Ethnic map of Hungary in 1910, with 1941 borders superimposed.]]

[[File:Northern Transylvania ethnic map.svg|thumb|Ethnic map of Northern Transylvania]]

Hungary expanded its borders with territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia following the [[First Vienna Award]] (1938) and [[Second Vienna Award]] (1940). The remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and parts of Yugoslavia were occupied and annexed in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Regarding [[Northern Transylvania]], the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% [[Hungarians]] and 49% [[Romanians]],<ref name="Clark1941">{{cite book|author=Charles Upson Clark|title=Racial Aspects of Romania's Case|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lozXAAAAMAAJ|year=1941|publisher=Caxton Press}}</ref> while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% [[Hungarians]] and 39.1% [[Romanians]].<ref name="Hodosi, Kocsis">Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 116-153 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=1941+census+data&pg=PA120] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403113307/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&pg=PA120&dq=Northern+transylvania++hungarians+romanians+number&hl=en&ei=FQkfTdjRKdKZhQeQ4Zi3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCTgK|date=2015-04-03}}</ref> The territory of [[Bácska]] had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians.<ref name="Hodosi, Kocsis" /> The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 25% in the [[Sub-Carpathian Rus]].<ref name="etn1"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Population of Hungary in 1941'''<ref>Joseph Rothschil. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ytc-muwFT_IC&dq=%22table+30%22+%221941+population%22&pg=PA195 ''East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars'']</ref>
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | census 1941
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number
! %
|-
|align="left"|[[Hungarian people|Hungarians]]
|11,881,455||80.9%
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian people|Romanians]]
|1,051,026||7.2%
|-
|align="left"|[[Ruthenians]]
|547,770||3.7%
|-
|align="left"|[[German people|Germans]]
|533,045||3.6%
|-
|align="left"|[[Serbs]]
|213,585||1.5%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovaks]]
|175,550||1.2%
|-
|[[Jewish people|Jewish]]<ref group="Note">Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.</ref>
|139,041||0.9%
|-
|align="left"|[[Romani people|Roma]]
|76,209||0.5%
|-
|align="left"|[[Croats]]
|12,346||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovenian people|Slovenes]]
|9,400||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|Others
|29,210||0.2%
|-
|align="left"|'''Total'''
|colspan="2" align="center"|14,679,573
|}
'''After WW II: 1949–1990'''

After World War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the [[Potsdam Conference]]. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of [[Romani people]] in the second half of the 20th century.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Population of Hungary 1949–1990'''
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | census 1949
! colspan="2" | census 1960
! colspan="2" | census 1970
! colspan="2" | census 1980
! colspan="2" | census 1990
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
|align="left"|[[Hungarian people|Hungarians]]
|9,076,041||98.6%
|9,786,038||98.2%
|10,166,237||98.5%
|10,638,974||99.3%
|10,142,072||97.8%
|-
|align="left"|[[Romani people|Roma]]
|21,387||0.2%
|25,633||0.3%
|34,957||0.3%
|6,404||0.1%
|142,683||1.4%
|-
|align="left"|[[German people|Germans]]
|22,455||0.2%
|50,765||0.5%
|35,594||0.4%
|11,310||0.1%
|30,824||0.3%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovaks]]
|25,988||0.3%
|30,630||0.3%
|21,176||0.2%
|9,101||0.1%
|10,459||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Croats]]
|20,423||0.2%
|33,014||0.3%
|17,609||0.2%
|13,895||0.1%
|13,570||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian people|Romanians]]
|14,713||0.2%
|15,787||0.2%
|12,624||0.1%
|8,874||0.1%
|10,740||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Serbs]]
|5,158||0.1%
|4,583||0.1%
|12,235||0.1%
|2,805||0.0%
|2,905||0.0%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovenian people|Slovenes]]
|4,473||0.1%
|colspan="2"| -
|4,205||0.0%
|1,731||0.0%
|1,930||0.0%
|-

|align="left"|Others
|14,161||0.1%
|14,534||0.1%
|17,462||0.2%
|16,369||0.2%
|19,640||0.2%
|-
|align="left"|'''Total'''
|colspan="2" align="center"|9,204,799
|colspan="2" align="center"|9,961,044
|colspan="2" align="center"|10,322,099
|colspan="2" align="center"|10,709,463
|colspan="2" align="center"|10,374,823
|-
|}

For historical reasons, significant [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in [[Ukraine]] (in [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]), [[Slovakia]], [[Romania]] (in [[Transylvania]]), and [[Serbia]] (in [[Vojvodina]]). [[Austria]] (in [[Burgenland]]), [[Croatia]], and [[Slovenia]] ([[Prekmurje]]) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

'''2001–2022'''

<ref name="nepszamlalas2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/24/tables/load1_4_1.html |title=Hungarian census 2001 - Population by ethnic minorities and main age groups, 1941, 1980–2001 |publisher=nepszamlalas2001.hu|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref>
<ref name="ksh3">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_03_00_2011.pdf |title=Hungarian census 2011 - final data and methodology |publisher=ksh.hu|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Population of Hungary 2001–2022'''
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | census 2001
! colspan="2" | census 2011
! colspan="2" | census 2022
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
|align="left"|[[Hungarian people|Hungarians]]
|9,416,045||92.3%
|8,504,492||85.6%
|8,438,129||87.9%
|-
|align="left"|[[Romani people|Roma]]
|189,984||2.0%
|315,583||3.2%
|209,909||2.2%
|-
|align="left"|[[German people|Germans]]
|62,105||0.6%
|185,696||1.9%
|142,551||1.5%
|-
| align="left" |[[Romanian people|Romanians]]
|7,995||0.1%
|35,641||0.4%
|27,554||0.3%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovaks]]
|17,693||0.2%
|35,208||0.4%
|29,881||0.3%
|-
|align="left"|[[Croats]]
|15,597||0.2%
|26,774||0.3%
|21,824||0.2%
|-
|align="left"|[[Serbs]]
|3,816||0.0%
|10,038||0.1%
|11,622||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovenian people|Slovenes]]
|3,025||0.0%
|2,820||0.0%
|3,965||0.0%
|-
|align="left"|Others
|57,059||0.6%
|73,399||0.9%
|55,610||0.6%
|-

|align="left"|Not stated
|570,537||5.6%
|1,398,731||14.1%
|1,086,239||11.3%
|-
|align="left"|'''Total'''
|colspan="2" align="center"|10,198,315
|colspan="2" align="center"|9,937,628
|colspan="2" align="center"|9,603,634
|-
|}

*Note: In 2001 570,537, in 2011 1,398,731 people did not give answer for ethnicity. Moreover, people were able to give more than one answer on the question asking for the minorities (for example, people were allowed to write Hungarian as their first ethnic identity and German as an ethnic identity being influenced by), hence the sum of the above exceeds the number of population.
*Methodology had changed in 2001 and 2011 also.<ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last=Vukovich|first=Gabriella|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title=Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title=2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data|language=hu|publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location=Budapest|year=2018|access-date=9 January 2019|isbn=978-963-235-542-9}}</ref>
*Roma people is estimated to be around 8.8% [[Romani people in Hungary|Roma]]<ref>[http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/terstat/2018/01/ts580101.pdf A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades]. ksh.hu Retrieved 2018-01-1</ref><ref>[http://hvg.hu/itthon/20180222_Ennyi_roma_el_Magyarorszagon Ennyi roma él Magyarországon]. hvg.hu.  Retrieved 2018-07-15.</ref>

===Historical ethnic groups of Hungary===
[[File:Hungarians_in_subregions.png|right|300px|thumb|Hungarians in Hungary (2001)]]
[[File:1910 census in Hungary.png|thumb|Minorities of Hungary]]
When the [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] invaded the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]], it was inhabited by [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] and [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avar]] peoples. Written sources from the 9th century also suggest that some groups of [[Onogurs]] and [[Bulgars]] occupied the valley of the river [[Mureș (river)|Mureș]] at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a dispute as to whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during that time.

'''The Roma minority'''{{Main|Romani people in Hungary}}
The first Romani groups arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey.<ref>Huping Ling, Emerging voices: experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans, Rutgers University Press, 2008, p. 111 [https://books.google.com/books?id=EJfrLhHyjM8C&dq=Roma+people+16th+hungary&pg=PA111]</ref> Nowadays, the real number of [[Romani people|Roma]] in Hungary is a disputed question.

In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary.<ref>[http://www.demos.hu/Audit Stratégiai Audit 2005 - DEMOS Magyarország] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226025641/http://www.demos.hu/Audit |date=2009-02-26 }}. Demos.hu (2009-11-06). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/|title=The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos|website=www.nytimes.com}}</ref><ref name="errc">{{cite web|url=http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2870 |title=Hungary would put the number of Roma in the country at 800,000–1,000,000, or up to 10% of the total population of Hungary. ''European Rights Roma Center'' |publisher=errc.org|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/06/arts/design/06roma.html The New York City Times]: Roma make up an estimated 8 to 10 percent of Hungary's population</ref><ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0213/p07s02-woeu.html The Christian science monitor]: "[...] the Roma, who account for between 8 and 10 percent of Hungary's 10&nbsp;million people."</ref> Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority.<ref name="index">{{cite web|url=http://index.hu/gazdasag/magyar/roma060508|title=Index - Gazdaság - Romák a szegénység csapdájában &#124; "Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány." |date=9 May 2006 |publisher=index.hu|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref> Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population.<ref name="index"/>

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:
* Slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.<ref name="oszk">{{cite web|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/02000/02034/html/#2&#93; |title=Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék." |publisher=mek.oszk.hu}}</ref>
* Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://index.hu/gazdasag/magyar/roma060508 |title=Index - Romák a szegénység csapdájában |date=9 May 2006 |publisher=mek.oszk.hu|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref>
* Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas
{{Gallery
| File:Population pyramid of Budapest.png
  |Population pyramid of [[Budapest]] (99.2% non-Romany inhabitants), see: [[Demographics of Budapest]]
| File:Population pyramid of Alsószentmárton.png
  |Population pyramid of [[Alsószentmárton]] (100% Romany inhabitants)
}}
'''Kabars'''

Three [[Kabar]] tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.<ref name="Sugar"/> They settled mostly in Bihar county.

'''Böszörménys'''

The Muslim [[Böszörmény]]s migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived from [[Volga Bulgaria]] and [[Khwarezm]].

'''Pechenegs'''

Communities of [[Pechenegs]] (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.

'''Oghuz Turks (Ouzes)'''

Smaller groups of [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz Turk]] settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century.<ref>Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, p.135 [https://books.google.com/books?id=B5XpAAAAMAAJ&q=oghuz]</ref> They were settled mostly in [[Burzenland|Barcaság]]. The city of [[Ózd]] got its name after them.

'''Jassics'''

The [[Jassic people|Jassic]] (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the [[Iazyges]]. [[Béla IV]], king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. [[Jászberény]], [[Jászárokszállás]], [[Jászfényszaru]]) still bear their name.<ref name="nemzetijelkepek">{{cite web|url=http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml|title=National and historical symbols of Hungary|publisher=nemzetijelkepek.hu|access-date=2015-05-18|archive-date=2008-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729054659/http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Cumans'''

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 [[Cumans]], a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of the [[Carpathian Mountains]]. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.<ref>[http://www.historynet.com/mongol-invasions-battle-of-liegnitz.htm Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz], HistoryNet</ref> In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named [[Cumania]] (''[[Kunság]]'' in Hungarian): [[Greater Cumania]] (''Nagykunság'') and [[Little Cumania]] (''Kiskunság''), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the [[modern era]]. According to  Pálóczi's estimation originally 70–80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary.<ref name="Berend"/>

'''Romanians'''{{See also|Origin of the Romanians}}
The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to [[Vlachs]] too. Regardless of the subject of [[Romanian people|Romanian]] presence/non-presence in [[Transylvania]] prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first chronicles to write of Vlachs in the intra-Carpathian regions is the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=Early Transylvania (895-1324) |publisher= Lucidus Kiadó |isbn=978-963-9465-12-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2009 |title=The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century |publisher= Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-17536-5}}</ref> while the first written Hungarian sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about ''Olahteluk'' village in [[Bihar County]] from 1283.<ref>György Fejér, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, Volume 7, typis typogr. Regiae Vniversitatis Vngaricae, 1831 [https://books.google.com/books?id=1HnUAAAAMAAJ&dq=olahteluk&pg=RA1-PA100]</ref><ref name="Tamás Kis" /> The 'land of Romanians', ''Terram Blacorum'' (1222, 1280)<ref name="Tamás Kis">Tamás Kis, Magyar nyelvjárások, Volumes 18-21, Nyelvtudományi Intézet, Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem (University of Kossuth Lajos). Magyar Nyelvtudományi Tanszék, 1972, p. 83 [https://books.google.com/books?id=wGUg0F2FzvgC&q=olah&pg=PA82]</ref><ref>Dennis P. Hupchick, Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995 p. 58 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ycNApODqgRUC&dq=first+appearance+romanians+transylvania&pg=PA58]</ref><ref>István Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 28 [https://books.google.com/books?id=8C6P3PYaPmQC&dq=terram+blacorum+1222&pg=PA28]{{Dead link|date=October 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>Heinz Stoob, Die Mittelalterliche Städtebildung im südöstlichen Europa, Böhlau, 1977, p. 204 [https://books.google.com/books?id=wRAiAAAAMAAJ&q=1222+terram+blacorum]</ref>  showed up in [[Făgăraş|Fogaras]] and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285.<ref name="Tamás Kis" /> The first appearance of a probably Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from  a charter (1258).<ref name="Tamás Kis" />

They were a significant population in Transylvania, [[Banat]], [[Maramureș]] and [[Partium]] ([[Crișana]]). There are different estimations in connection with number of Romanians in Kingdom of Hungary. According to a research based on place-names made by [[István Kniezsa]], 511 villages of Transylvania and Banat appear in documents at the end of the 13th century, however only 3 of them bore Romanian names,<ref name="Lote"/> and around 1400&nbsp;AD, Transylvania and Banat consisted of 1757 villages, though only 76 (4.3%) of them had names of Romanian origin.<ref name="Lote">Louis L. Lote (editor), [http://www.magtudin.org/ONE_LAND_TWO_NATIONS.pdf ONE LAND — TWO NATIONS TRANSYLVANIA AND THE THEORY OF DACO-ROMAN-RUMANIAN CONTINUITY], COMMITTEE OF TRANSYLVANIA INC. (This is a special issue of the CARPATHIAN OBSERVER Volume 8, Number 1. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number; 80-81573), 1980, p. 10</ref> The number of Romanians started to increase significantly from the [[Early modern period]],<ref name="Lote"/> and by 1700 the Romanian ethnic group consisted of 40 percent of the Transylvanian population and their number raised even more in the 18th century.<ref name="Lote"/> Although, in 1574, Pierre Lescalopier, relating his voyage from [[Venice]] to [[Constantinople]], claimed that most of the inhabitants of Transylvania were Romanians<ref>''"Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a esté peuplé des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur...Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler '''romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain''' ... "'' cited from "Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople", fol 48 in Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii si materiale de istorie medievala, IV, 1960, p. 444</ref> and according to other estimates, the Romanian inhabitants who were primarily peasants, consisted of more than 60 percent of the population in 1600.<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe|author=White, G.W.|date=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780847698097|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7TgkO8utHIC|page=129|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref> Jean W. Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion,<ref>Sedlar, Jean W.: ''East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500''; University of Washington Press,  1994; {{ISBN|0-295-97290-4}}, page 8</ref> however according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi the Hungarian ethnic group in Transylvania was in decent majority before [[Battle of Mohács]] and only lost its relative majority by the 17th century.<ref>Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19) [https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=%281495-1910%29&pg=PA133]{{Dead link|date=November 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Nevertheless, [[Grigore Ureche]] in ''Letopisețul Țării Moldovei'' (1642 - 1647) noticed that in Transylvania Romanians were more numerous than Hungarians.<ref>''"În ţara Ardealului nu lăcuiescu numai unguri, ce şi saşi peste samă de mulţi şi români peste tot locul, de mai multu-i ţara lăţită de români decât de unguri."'' cited from Grigore Ureche, Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, pp. 133–134</ref>  Official censuses with information on Hungary's ethnic composition have been conducted since the 19th century.<ref>A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1948.</ref><ref name="adatbank">{{cite web |url=http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/ |title=Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája |website=Varga.adatbank.transindex.ro |access-date=2017-07-10 |archive-date=2016-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619062659/http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Erdély rövid története, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1989, 371. o. - The short history of Transylvania, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989 Budapest p. 371.</ref>

In 1881, Romanian-majority settlements projected to the present-day territory of Hungary were: [[Bedő]], [[Csengerújfalu]], [[Kétegyháza]], [[Körösszakál]], [[Magyarcsanád]], [[Méhkerék]], [[Mezőpeterd]], [[Pusztaottlaka]] and [[Vekerd]].<ref name="Hungarian 1881 census">{{cite web|language=hu|url=https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1881_02/?pg=0&layout=s|title=Hungarian 1881 census}}</ref>
Important communities lived in the villages of [[Battonya]], [[Elek]], [[Körösszegapáti]], [[Létavértes]], [[Nyíradony]], [[Pocsaj]], [[Sarkadkeresztúr]], [[Zsáka]] and in the town of [[Gyula, Hungary|Gyula]].<ref name="Hungarian 1881 census"/>

'''Slovaks'''

The [[Slovaks|Slovak]] people lived mainly in [[Upper Hungary]], northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Due to post-Ottoman resettlements, the regions of [[Vojvodina]], [[Banat]] and [[Békés county]] received bigger Slovak communities in the 18th century, which revitalized many deserted villages and towns, such as [[Békéscsaba]], where Slovaks became the biggest ethnic group, or [[Nyíregyháza]], where they comprised more than a third of the population in 1881.<ref name="Hungarian 1881 census"/>  After WWII a major [[Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange|population exchange with Czechoslovakia]] was carried out: 71,787 or 73,200 Slovaks from Hungary<ref name="gramma">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roy.sk/blog/ceske-mesiace-mesiace-po-cesky/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301110413/http://www.gramma.sk/en/hunginslov/history.php|url-status=dead|title=České mesiace - mesiace po česky ❤️ Roy.sk|first=Roy sk &#124; outdoorový|last=obchod ⛰️|archivedate=March 1, 2008|website=roy.sk}}</ref><ref>Bobák, Ján (1996). ''Maďarská otázka v Česko–Slovensku, 1944–1948 [Hungarian Question in Czechoslovakia]'' (in Slovak). Matica slovenská. ISBN 978-80-7090-354-4.</ref><ref>Zvara, Juraj (1969). ''Maďarská menšina na Slovensku po roku 1945 [Hungarian minority in Slovakia after 1945]'' (in Slovak). Bratislava: Epocha, t. Pravda.</ref> were transferred to [[Slovakia]] &ndash; the exact number depends on source consulted &ndash; were resettled in South Slovakia in exchange for, according to different estimations, 45,000<ref>Kaplan, Karel (1987). The short march: the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1948. C.Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-0-905838-96-0.</ref><ref>Šutaj, Štefan (2005). ''Nútené presídlenie Maďarov zo Slovenska do Čiech [Deportation of population of Hungarian nationality out of Slovakia to Bohemia after the World War II]'' (in Slovak). Prešov: Universum. ISBN 978-80-89046-29-4.</ref> or 120,000<ref>Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, ''Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin,'' Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 23 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=120%2C500]{{Dead link|date=November 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>Pertti Ahonen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RS_HJEFzaVsC&dq=120,+000+Hungarian+from+Czechoslovakia&pg=PA83 People on the move: forced population movements in Europe in the Second World War and its aftermath], Berg Publishers, 2008, p. 83</ref> Hungarians.

'''Serbs'''{{See also|Great Migrations of the Serbs}}
From the 14th century, escaping from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] threat, a large number of [[Serbs in Hungary|Serbs]] migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After the [[Battle of Mohács]], most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary were [[South Slavs]] (the [[Janissary]]). After the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came under [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.

'''Germans'''

[[Germans of Hungary|Three waves of German]] migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves settled in [[Upper Hungary]] and in Southern [[Transylvania]] ([[Transylvanian Saxons]]), with the first being in the 11th century and the second in the 13th century.

The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of the [[Ottoman Empire]] from Hungarian territory, after the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region of [[Bánát]], [[Bács-Bodrog]], [[Baranya County (former)|Baranya]] and [[Tolna (county)|Tolna]] counties (as well as into present-day [[Romania]] and [[Yugoslavia]]), which had been depopulated by the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman wars]]. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known as [[Danube Swabians]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://feefhs.org/BANAT/BHISTORY.HTML |title=History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary |author=Sue Clarkson |publisher=Feefhs.org |access-date=2009-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970204103909/http://www.feefhs.org/banat/bhistory.html |archive-date=1997-02-04 }}</ref> In 2011, 131,951 people declared to be German in Hungary (1,6%).<ref>[http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_30_1.html "18. Demographic data" – Hungarian Central Statistical Office] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519001208/http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_30_1.html |date=May 19, 2012 }}</ref>

'''Rusyns'''

[[Rusyns]] had lived mostly in [[Carpathian Ruthenia]], Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared in [[Vojvodina]] from the 18th century.

'''Croats'''

[[Croatia]] was in personal union with Hungary from 1102. [[Croats of Hungary|Croat]] communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.

'''Poles'''

The [[Polish people|Poles]] lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.

'''Slovenes'''

The [[Hungarian Slovenes|Slovenes]] (''Vendek'' in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (''Slovenska krajina'' in Slovenians) between the [[Mur river|Mura]] and the [[Rába]] rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.

'''Jews'''

The first historical document about [[Hungarian Jews|Jews]] of Hungary is [[Khazar Correspondence|the letter written about 960]] to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin". There are Jewish inscriptions on tombs and monuments in Pannonia (Roman Hungary) dated to the second or third century CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Patai|first1=Raphael|title=The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology|date=1996|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=21|edition=2015}}</ref>

'''Armenians'''{{See also|Armenians in Hungary}}
The first [[Armenians in Hungary|Armenians]] came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.

'''Greeks'''

[[Greeks in Hungary|Greeks]] migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century,<ref name="CentralEurope">{{cite web |url=http://www2.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/gr/v2/central_europe.html |title=Oi ellinikes paroikies tis Kentrikis Evropis |access-date=2007-02-18 |work=Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502074726/http://www2.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/gr/v2/central_europe.html |archive-date=2007-05-02 }}</ref> the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760–1770;<ref name="Hungary">{{cite web |url=http://www2.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/gr/v2/mayar.html |title=Oi ellinikes paroikies stin Ungaria |access-date=2007-02-18 |work=Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502074707/http://www2.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/gr/v2/mayar.html |archive-date=2007-05-02 }}</ref> they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period.<ref name="CentralEurope" /> It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century.<ref name="Hungary" /> A number of Greeks Communists escaped to Hungary
after the [[Greek Civil War]], notably in the 'Greek' village of [[Beloiannisz]].

'''Bulgarians'''{{See also|Bulgarians in Hungary}}
The town of [[Szentendre]] and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since the [[Middle Ages]]. However, present day [[Bulgarians in Hungary|Bulgarians]] are largely descended from [[gardener]]s who migrated to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]] from the 18th century.