Editing Culture of Japan (section)

==Music==
[[File:Fumie Hihara, au shamisen (danse du Kabuki, musée Guimet).jpg|thumb|upright|Fumie Hihara playing the {{transliteration|ja|[[shamisen]]}}, Guimet Museum, Paris]]
{{Main|Music of Japan}}
The music of Japan includes a wide array of styles both distinctly [[Folk music|traditional]] and [[20th-century music|modern]]. [[Traditional Japanese music]] is quite different from [[Western culture#Music|Western music]] and is based on the intervals of human breathing rather than mathematical timing;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galliano |first=Luciana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLpKhGojCLsC&q=Japanese++cultural+music+aesthetics&pg=PP2 |title=Yogaku: Japanese Music in the 20th Century |date=2002-11-19 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-1-4616-7455-9 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref> traditional music also typically slides between notes, a feature also not commonly found in Western music. The word for music in Japanese is ''ongaku'' (音楽), combining the kanji ''on'' (音, "sound") with the kanji ''gaku'' (楽, "enjoyment").<ref>{{Cite book |title=Kenkyusha's new japanese-english dictionary |date=1998 |publisher=Kenkyusha |isbn=978-4-7674-2015-8 |editor-last=Masuda |editor-first=Kō |edition=4th ed., 37th impr |location=Tokyo}}</ref> Major aesthetic concepts are ''[[jo-ha-kyū]]'' and ''[[Ma (negative space)|ma]]''. ''[[Jo-ha-kyū]]'' (序破急) roughly translates to "beginning, break, rapid", it essentially means that all actions or efforts should begin slowly, speed up, and then end swiftly. ''Ma'' literally means a space or interval between two points (in space or time).<ref name=":2"/> In music, it refers to rhythm. In ''[[nagauta]]'' (長唄, literally "long song") (played on the [[shamisen]] and used in [[kabuki]] theater),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malm |first=William P. |date=1960 |title=A Short History of Japanese Nagauta Music |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/595588 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=124–132 |doi=10.2307/595588 |jstor=595588 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref> ''uki-ma'' implies a slight lengthening of the first of a pair of beats, while ''tsume-ma'' implies the reverse.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=David W. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315172354/ashgate-research-companion-japanese-music-alison-mcqueen-tokita-david-hughes |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music |date=2017-02-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-17235-4 |location=London |pages=26 |doi=10.4324/9781315172354}}</ref> It is this meaning of timing that is seen as a unique aesthetic to explain otherwise inexplicable aspects of Japanese performing arts.<ref name=":2" /> Japanese music stresses sound quality and prizes the richness and complexity of each instrument's sound spectrum.<ref name=":2" /> Noise is also used in a highly formalized manner to imitate "nature" and the expressive energy and artistic potential of noise are accepted and incorporated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galliano |first=Luciana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLpKhGojCLsC&q=Japanese++cultural+music+aesthetics&pg=PP2 |title=Yogaku: Japanese Music in the 20th Century |date=2002-11-19 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-1-4616-7455-9 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref>

=== History of traditional music ===
Traditional Japanese music finds its first major historic periods in the [[Nara period|Nara]] (710–794)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malm |first=William P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&q=first+major+historic+periods&pg=PA11 |title=Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments |date=2000 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2395-7 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Heian period|Heian]] (794–1185)<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Malm |first=William Paul |title=Japanese music and musical instruments |date=1983 |publisher=Tuttle |isbn=978-0-8048-0308-3 |edition=9th pr |location=Rutland}}</ref> periods. The two most common kinds of music during this time were the music of the court ([[Gagaku]]) and the music of Buddhist rituals ([[shōmyō]]).<ref name=":3" /> The music of the Nara period can be classified as belonging to the first international period in Japanese music history.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Malm |first=William P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&q=international+period&pg=PA11 |title=Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments |date=2000 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2395-7 |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref> The court music was all of Chinese, Korean, or Indian origin and was played primarily by foreign musicians in its original style.<ref name=":4" /> [[Gagaku]] classical music has been performed at the Imperial court since the [[Heian period]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-08 |title=Gagaku, Imperial Court Music & Dance of Japan {{!}} Musicians of the Imperial Household {{!}} History of Gagaku |url=http://iha-gagaku.com/english/history.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508231541/http://iha-gagaku.com/english/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the same time, Buddhist ritual music exerted some influence on the native vocal style.<ref name=":4" /> While poetry anthologies indicate that folk music had continued its steady pace, the historical records and relics show us music that was primarily instrumental and often connected with dance.<ref name=":4" /> By the time of the Kamakura period, most traces of the international character of Japanese music had disappeared.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Malm |first=William P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&q=Buddhist+ritual+music+exerted&pg=PA11 |title=Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments |date=2000 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2395-7 |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> Court music in general was declining, while there was a steady growth of more theatrical arts.<ref name=":5" /> The indigenous folk ritual music of flute and drums here encountered the aristocratic aesthetic of poetry and literary tales.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=David W. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315172354/ashgate-research-companion-japanese-music-alison-mcqueen-tokita-david-hughes |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music |date=2017-02-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-17235-4 |location=London |pages=5 |doi=10.4324/9781315172354}}</ref> Japan's indigenous musical culture can still be found in much of folk music and the music of Shinto festivals in local communities.<ref name=":6" />

=== Traditional instruments ===
Several traditional instruments were adopted and assimilated into Japanese culture from various sources.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Malm |first=William P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn3VQbqywCsC&q=instrument&pg=PA11 |title=Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments |date=2000 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2395-7 |language=en}}</ref> They were further experimented with and developed by Japan.<ref name=":7" /> One of the imported end-blown bamboo flutes from China developed into the ''[[shakuhachi]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%9B%85%E6%A5%BD%E5%B0%BA%E5%85%AB-1287571 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323122325/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%9B%85%E6%A5%BD%E5%B0%BA%E5%85%AB-1287571 | archive-date=23 March 2021 | title=雅楽尺八(ががくしゃくはち)とは？ 意味や使い方 }}</ref> which became the ritual instrument of the ''[[Fuke-shū|Fuke]]'' sect of Zen monks.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=David W. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315172354/ashgate-research-companion-japanese-music-alison-mcqueen-tokita-david-hughes |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music |date=2017-02-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-17235-4 |location=London |pages=6 |doi=10.4324/9781315172354}}</ref> By the middle of the eighteenth century, in secular performances, the ''[[shamisen]] lute'' and ''[[Koto (instrument)|koto]]'', invented in China and brought to Japan during the [[Nara Period]],<ref>https://web-japan.org/kidsweb/virtual/koto/koto01.html#:~:text=It's%20said%20that%20the%20koto,period%20(710%E2%80%93794) {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> 13-string ''[[zither]]'' as used for genteel entertainment and professionally controlled by blind musicians who had the rights to ''[[Heike Shamisen|heike]]'' narrative.<ref name=":8" /> The ''[[shamisen]]'', modified from the Chinese [[sanxian]] introduced via the Ryukyu Islands in the late sixteenth century, came into its own in the theatrical contexts of ''[[bunraku]]'' puppet drama and ''[[kabuki]]'' drama.<ref name=":8" />

=== Modern music ===
Japan is the second largest [[Music industry|music market]] in the world behind the United States, and is the largest in Asia,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Fig. 5. Fragments of interferograms: a - from January 8, 2007– February 28, 2009, b - from January 11, 2008– January 16, 2010, c - from February 26, 2008– March 3, 2010, d - with a one-year interval from June 22, 2015–20.06. 2016. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0205-9614201953-14-16405 |access-date=2023-12-09 |doi=10.31857/s0205-9614201953-14-16405 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wyrwoll |first=Claudia |title=Social media: fundamentals, models, and ranking of user-generated content |date=2014 |publisher=Springer Vieweg |isbn=978-3-658-06983-4 |location=Wiesbaden |pages=87–100}}</ref> with most of the market dominated by [[List of Japanese artists|Japanese artists]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title="Global Music Report 2023 – State of the Industry" |doi=10.1553/0x0001d281 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Local music often appears at [[karaoke]] venues on lease from [[record label]]s.

Western music has been adopted and adapted to the Japanese context and has often in the process become Japanized (domesticated) and different from its model.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=David W. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315172354/ashgate-research-companion-japanese-music-alison-mcqueen-tokita-david-hughes |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music |date=2017-02-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-17235-4 |location=London |pages=4 |doi=10.4324/9781315172354}}</ref> Hybrid music has resulted, such as ''[[enka]], [[J-pop]]'', and ‘contemporary Japanese music’ (''gendai hōgaku'') or ‘new Japanese music’ (''shin-hōgaku'').<ref name=":9" /> Famous enka singers include [[Hibari Misora]], [[Saburo Kitajima]], [[Ikuzo Yoshi]], and Haruo Minami. One notable contemporary influence on Japanese musical music came from Ainu music and the so-called nationalist composer Ifukube Akiraa (b. 1914 in Hokkaido) who brought the ''[[tonkori]]'' zither onto the World Music scene.<ref name=":9"/>

In the late 20th century Japanese music rose in popularity with ''[[Japanese idol|Aidoru]]'' (Japanese Idols) with popular audition shows such as the Suta¯tanjo¯(A Star Is Born).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hosokawa |first=Shuhei |title="Popular entertainment and the music industry." A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan. |year=2005 |pages=297–313}}</ref> Japanese music further evolved in the jazz, pop, R&B, and Rock music genres and continues into today. Popular artists of the 20th-21st centuries include [[Yoko Ono]], [[Suzuka Nakamoto]], [[Kōji Tamaki|Koji Tamaki]], [[Hyde (musician)|Hideto Takarai]], [[Takahiro Moriuchi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=15 Of The Greatest And Most Famous Japanese Singers |url=https://hellomusictheory.com/learn/famous-japanese-singers/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Kenshi Yonezu]], and [[Haruomi Hosono]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Ed |date=2019-11-20 |title=7 Japanese Musicians that Influenced the World |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/entertainment/music/7-japanese-musicians-influenced-world/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Tokyo Weekender |language=ja}}</ref> Popular groups of the same eras include [[The Oral Cigarettes]], [[Yoasobi]], [[Bump of Chicken]], [[King Gnu]], [[Mrs. Green Apple]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCKIN'ON JAPAN {{!}} 出版 {{!}} 事業内容 |url=https://www.rockinon.co.jp/business/publication/magazine?genre=rockinon-japan |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=ロッキング・オン・グループ (rockin’on group) |language=ja}}</ref> [[Fishmans]], and [[Perfume (Japanese band)|Perfume]].<ref name=":10" />