Editing Crankshaft (section)

==History==

=== Crankshaft ===
In 9th century [[Abbasid]] [[Baghdad]], automatically operated cranks appear in several of the hydraulic devices described by the [[Banū Mūsā]] brothers in the ''[[Book of Ingenious Devices]]''.<ref name="Beeston">{{citation |last=A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young |first=J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant |title=The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature |page=266 |year=1990 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-32763-6}}</ref> These automatically operated cranks appear in several devices, two of which contain an action which approximates to that of a crankshaft, five centuries before the earliest known European description of a crankshaft. However, the automatic crank mechanism described by the [[Banū Mūsā brothers|Banū Mūsā]] would not have allowed a full rotation, but only a small modification was required to convert it to a crankshaft.<ref name="Hill19792">{{citation |author=[[Banū Mūsā]] |title=The Book of Ingenious Devices (Kitáb al-Ḥiyal) by the Banú (sons of) Músà bin Shákir |pages=23–4 |year=1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdpAo6SaOL0C&pg=PA23 |publisher=Springer Publishing |isbn=90-277-0833-9 |last2=Hill |first2=Donald Routledge |author-link2=Donald Hill}}</ref>

In the [[Artuqids|Artuqid Sultanate]], Arab engineer [[Ismail al-Jazari]] (1136&ndash;1206) described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine for two of his water-raising machines,<ref name="Crank2">[[Ahmad Y Hassan]]. [http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%203.htm The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine].</ref> which include both crank and [[Shaft (mechanical engineering)|shaft]] mechanisms.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">[[Donald Hill]] (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=EUTqCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA273 ''The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices'', page 273], [[Springer Science + Business Media]]</ref>

[[File:Anonymous of the Hussite Wars. Clm 197, Part 1, Folio 17v Supra.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|15th century paddle-wheel boat]]The Italian physician [[Guido da Vigevano]] ({{Circa|1280|1349}}), planning for a new [[Crusade]], made illustrations for a [[Paddle steamer#History|paddle boat]] and war carriages that were propelled by manually turned compound cranks and gear wheels,<ref>{{harvnb|Hall|1979|p=80}}</ref> identified as an early crankshaft prototype by [[Lynn Townsend White]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays|page=335|last1=Townsend White|first1=Lynn|year=1978|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520035669|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalreligion00whit}}</ref>

[[File:Fotothek df tg 0006690 Mechanik ^ Wasserförderung ^ Pumpe.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|1661 water pump by [[Georg Andreas Böckler]] ]]
Crankshafts were described by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] (1452–1519)<ref name="Crank2"/> and a Dutch farmer and windmill owner by the name [[Cornelis Corneliszoon van Uitgeest]] in 1592. His wind-powered [[sawmill]] used a crankshaft to convert a windmill's circular motion into a back-and-forward motion powering the saw. Corneliszoon was granted a [[patent]] for his crankshaft in 1597.

From the 16th century onwards, evidence of cranks and connecting rods integrated into machine design becomes abundant in the technological treatises of the period: [[Agostino Ramelli]]'s ''The Diverse and Artifactitious Machines'' of 1588 depicts eighteen examples, a number that rises in the ''Theatrum Machinarum Novum'' by [[Georg Andreas Böckler]] to 45 different machines.<ref>{{harvnb|White|1962|p=172}}</ref> Cranks were formerly common on some machines in the early 20th century; for example almost all [[phonograph]]s before the 1930s were powered by [[clockwork]] motors wound with cranks. Reciprocating piston engines use cranks to convert the linear piston motion into rotational motion. [[Internal combustion engine]]s of early 20th century [[automobile]]s were usually started with hand cranks, before [[Automobile self starter|electric starters]] came into general use.