Editing Courage (section)

=== "Clinical courage" ===

The term "clinical courage" came to light in relation to modern medicine in the 2000s,<ref name="pmid21453603">{{cite journal| author=Wootton J| title=President's message. Clinical courage. | journal=Can J Rural Med | year= 2011 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 | pages= 45–46 | pmid=21453603 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21453603  }}</ref> mostly in relation to the practice of medicine in remote or resource-limited settings. It has been described as the practice of medicine outside of a clinician's usual scope of practice, or relevant clinical guidelines, in order to provide essential medical care, where no alternative exists.<ref name="Mallinson2020">{{cite journal|last1=Mallinson|first1=Tom|title=Clinical courage|journal=Journal of Paramedic Practice|volume=12|issue=11|year=2020|pages=429|issn=1759-1376|doi=10.12968/jpar.2020.12.11.429|doi-access=}}</ref> It has been specifically discussed in relation to rural generalists,<ref name="KonkinGrave2020">{{cite journal|last1=Konkin|first1=Jill|last2=Grave|first2=Laura|last3=Cockburn|first3=Ella|last4=Couper|first4=Ian|last5=Stewart|first5=Ruth Alison|last6=Campbell|first6=David|last7=Walters|first7=Lucie|title=Exploration of rural physicians' lived experience of practising outside their usual scope of practice to provide access to essential medical care (clinical courage): an international phenomenological study|journal=BMJ Open|volume=10|issue=8|year=2020|pages=e037705|issn=2044-6055|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037705|pmid=32847915|pmc=7451271|doi-access=free}}</ref> paramedics,<ref name="Mallinson2020"/> general practitioners,<ref name="WaltersLaurence2015">{{cite journal|last1=Walters|first1=Lucie|last2=Laurence|first2=Caroline O.|last3=Dollard|first3=Joanne|last4=Elliott|first4=Taryn|last5=Eley|first5=Diann S.|title=Exploring resilience in rural GP registrars – implications for training|journal=BMC Medical Education|volume=15|issue=1|year=2015|page=110|issn=1472-6920|doi=10.1186/s12909-015-0399-x|pmid=26134975|pmc=4487989|doi-access=free}}</ref> and rural medicine.<ref name="FoxCorstorphine2020">{{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=Kevin|last2=Corstorphine|first2=Wendy|last3=Frazer|first3=Jenny|last4=Johnstone|first4=Anna|last5=Miller|first5=Alasdair|last6=Shepherd|first6=Neil|last7=Cooper|first7=Paul|title=Ten reasons why every junior doctor should spend time working in a remote and rural hospital|journal=Future Healthcare Journal|volume=7|issue=1|year=2020|pages=12–14|issn=2514-6645|doi=10.7861/fhj.2019-0050|pmid=32104759|pmc=7032586|doi-access=free}}</ref> The opposing theory is that of "clinical recklessness", in which the actions of a clinician in stepping outside of their competence results in unprofessional behaviour, which exposes patients to risk or harm.<ref name="Mallinson2020" />