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====The Causal Universe of Brout Englert and Gunzig==== <!-- {{Main|The Causal Universe of Brout Englert and Gunzig}} --> In 1978 and 1979, [[Robert Brout]], [[François Englert]] and Edgard Gunzig suggested that the universe could originate from a fluctuation of Minkowski space which would be followed by a period in which the geometry would resemble De Sitter space. This initial period would then evolve into the standard expanding universe. They noted that their proposal makes the universe causal, as there are neither particle nor event horizons in their model. <ref> {{cite journal | last1=Brout | first1=R. | last2=Englert | first2=F. | last3=Gunzig | first3=E. | title=The creation of the universe as a quantum phenomenon | journal=Annals of Physics | volume=115 | issue=1 | pages=78–106 | year=1978 | doi=10.1016/0003-4916(78)90176-8 | bibcode=1978AnPhy.115...78B }} <br/> {{cite journal | last1=Brout | first1=R. | last2=Englert | first2=F. | last3=Gunzig | first3=E. | title=The causal universe | journal=General Relativity and Gravitation | volume=10 | pages=1–6 | year=1979 | issue=1 | doi=10.1007/BF00757018 | bibcode=1979GReGr..10....1B }} </ref>
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