Editing Conscription (section)

==Arguments for conscription==

===Political and moral motives===
{{Further|Social contract|Social solidarity|Active citizenship}}
[[File:Conscription in Iran 3.jpg|thumb|left|[[Conscription in Iran]]]]

[[Classical republicanism|Classical republicans]] promoted conscription as a tool for maintaining [[Civil control of the military#Composition of the military|civilian control of the military]], thereby preventing usurpation by a select class of [[warrior]]s or [[Mercenary|mercenaries]]. [[Jean Jacques Rousseau]] argued vehemently against professional armies since he believed that it was the right and privilege of every citizen to participate to the defense of the whole society and that it was a mark of moral decline to leave the business to professionals. He based his belief upon the development of the [[Roman Republic]], which came to an end at the same time as the [[Roman Army]] changed from a conscript to a professional force.<ref>[[s:The Social Contract|Rousseau, J-J. Social Contract.]] Chapter "The Roman Comitia"</ref> Similarly, [[Aristotle]] linked the division of armed service among the populace intimately with the political order of the state.<ref>[[s:Politics (Aristotle)/Book 6|Aristotle, Politics, Book 6]] Chapter VII and [[s:Politics (Aristotle)/Book 4|Book 4]] Chapter XIII.</ref> [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] argued strongly for conscription<ref>{{Cite book|title=Machiavelli, Marketing and Management|first1=Phil|last1=Harris|first2=Andrew |last2=Lock |first3=Patricia |last3=Rees |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=9781134605682 |pages=10}}</ref> in ''[[The Prince]]'' and ''[[The Art of War (Machiavelli book)|The Art of War]]'' and saw the professional armies, made up of mercenary units, as the cause of the failure of societal unity in Italy.<ref name="ozio">{{cite journal |last1=Dolman |first1=Everett Carl |title=Obligation and the Citizen-Soldier: Machiavellian Virtú Versus Hobbesian Order |journal=Journal of Political & Military Sociology |date=1995 |volume=23 |issue=2 |page=195 |jstor=45294067 |issn=0047-2697}}</ref>

Other proponents, such as [[William James]], consider both mandatory military and [[national service]] as ways of instilling maturity in young adults.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.org/wj/meow.htm |title=The Moral Equivalent of War |first=William |last=James |year=1906 |access-date=2008-10-17 |archive-date=2020-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526203149/https://www.constitution.org/wj/meow.htm }}</ref> Some proponents, such as [[Jonathan Alter]] and [[Mickey Kaus]], support a draft in order to reinforce social equality, create social consciousness, break down class divisions and allow young adults to immerse themselves in public enterprise.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/1995/07/30/cop-out-on-class.html |title=Cop Out on Class |first=Jonathan |last=Alter |newspaper=Newsweek}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/03/12/interview_with_mickey_kaus_104743.html |title=Interview with Mickey Kaus |publisher=realclearpolitics.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reason.com/archives/1995/10/01/overcoming-merit |title=Overcoming Merit |first=Virginia |last=Postrel |date=October 1995 |author-link=Virginia Postrel }}</ref> This justification forms the basis of Israel's [[The People's Army Model|People's Army Model]]. [[Charles Rangel]] called for the reinstatement of the draft during the [[Iraq War]] not because he seriously expected it to be adopted but to stress how the socioeconomic restratification meant that very few children of upper-class Americans served in the all-volunteer American armed forces.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Rangel: It's Time for a War Tax and a Reinstated Draft|url=https://time.com/3403976/rangel-draft-tax/|access-date=2021-09-30|magazine=Time|language=en}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Economic and resource efficiency===
{{Further|Industrial warfare|Total war|War effort}}
It is estimated by the [[British Armed Forces|British military]] that in a professional military, a company deployed for active duty in peacekeeping corresponds to three inactive companies at home. Salaries for each are paid from the military budget. In contrast, volunteers from a trained reserve are in their civilian jobs when they are not deployed.<ref>{{Cite book
|first=Gustav
|last=Hägglund
|title=Leijona ja kyyhky
|year=2006
|publisher=Otava
|language=fi
|isbn=951-1-21161-7
}}</ref>

Under the [[Total defence|total defense]] doctrine, conscription paired with periodic [[Refresher training (military)|refresher training]] ensures that the entire able-bodied population of a country can be mobilized to defend against invasion or [[Military aid to the civil community|assist civil authorities]] during emergencies. For this reason, some European countries have [[Peace dividend#Europe|reintroduced]] or debated reintroducing conscription during the onset of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].

[[Military Keynesianism|Military Keynesians]] often argue for conscription as a [[job guarantee]]. For example, it was more financially beneficial for less-educated young Portuguese men born in 1967 to participate in conscription than to participate in the highly competitive job market with men of the same age who continued to higher education.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Card|first1=David|last2=Cardoso|first2=Ana Rute|s2cid=55247633|title=Can Compulsory Military Service Raise Civilian Wages? Evidence from the Peacetime Draft in Portugal|journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics|date=October 2012|volume=4|issue=4|pages=57–93|doi=10.1257/app.4.4.57|hdl=10261/113437|url=https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/113437/4/AEJAppl_20110228_final_manuscript.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/113437/4/AEJAppl_20110228_final_manuscript.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live}}</ref>