Editing Confirmation bias (section)

=== Cost-benefit ===
Explanations in terms of [[cost-benefit analysis]] assume that people do not just test hypotheses in a disinterested way, but assess the costs of different errors.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oswald|Grosjean|2004|pp=91–93}}</ref> Using ideas from [[evolutionary psychology]], James Friedrich suggests that people do not primarily aim at [[truth]] in testing hypotheses, but try to avoid the most costly errors. For example, employers might ask one-sided questions in job interviews because they are focused on weeding out unsuitable candidates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Friedrich|1993|pp=299, 316–317}}</ref> [[Yaacov Trope]] and Akiva Liberman's refinement of this theory assumes that people compare the two different kinds of error: accepting a false hypothesis or rejecting a true hypothesis. For instance, someone who underestimates a friend's honesty might treat him or her suspiciously and so undermine the friendship. Overestimating the friend's honesty may also be costly, but less so. In this case, it would be rational to seek, evaluate or remember evidence of their honesty in a biased way.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Trope |first1=Y. |first2=A. |last2=Liberman |title=Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles |editor1-first=E. Tory |editor1-last=Higgins |editor2-first=Arie W. |editor2-last=Kruglanski |publisher=Guilford Press |location=New York |year=1996 |chapter=Social hypothesis testing: Cognitive and motivational mechanisms |isbn=978-1-57230-100-9 |oclc=34731629}} via {{Harvnb |Oswald|Grosjean|2004|pp=91–93}}</ref> When someone gives an initial impression of being introverted or extroverted, questions that match that impression come across as more [[empathic]].<ref name=dardenne/> This suggests that when talking to someone who seems to be an introvert, it is a sign of better [[social skills]] to ask, "Do you feel awkward in social situations?" rather than, "Do you like noisy parties?" The connection between confirmation bias and social skills was corroborated by a study of how college students get to know other people. Highly [[self-monitoring]] students, who are more sensitive to their environment and to [[social norms]], asked more matching questions when interviewing a high-status staff member than when getting to know fellow students.<ref name="dardenne">{{Citation |last1=Dardenne |first1=Benoit |first2=Jacques-Philippe |last2=Leyens |title=Confirmation bias as a social skill |journal=[[Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin]] |year=1995 |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1229–1239 |doi=10.1177/01461672952111011 |s2cid=146709087 |issn=1552-7433 |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/28639/1/dardenne%26leyens_pspb_95.pdf |access-date=25 September 2019 |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909121223/https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/28639/1/dardenne%26leyens_pspb_95.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>