Editing Communication (section)

=== Interspecies ===
{{main|Interspecies communication}}
Most communication happens between members within a species as intraspecies communication. This is because the purpose of communication is usually some form of cooperation. Cooperation happens mostly within a species while different species are often in conflict with each other by competing over resources.<ref>{{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=56}}</ref> However, there are also some forms of interspecies communication.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=167–168}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=56}} }}</ref> This occurs especially for [[symbiotic]] relations and significantly less for [[parasitic]] or predator-prey relations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=129}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=61}} }}</ref>

[[File:A honey bee on the Cosmos bipinnatus flower 2.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a honey bee on a flower|A honeybee on a ''[[Cosmos bipinnatus]]''. Many flowers use vivid colors to signal to insects that they offer food like nectar.]]
Interspecies communication plays a key role for plants that depend on external agents for reproduction.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=109}}</ref> For example, flowers need insects for [[pollination]] and provide resources like [[nectar]] and other rewards in return.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=110}}</ref> They use communication to signal their benefits and attract visitors by using distinctive colors and symmetrical shapes to stand out from their surroundings.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=110–112, 128}} | {{harvnb|Ketcham|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IXznDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 100]}} }}</ref> This form of advertisement is necessary since flowers compete with each other for visitors.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=111}}</ref> Many fruit-bearing plants rely on plant-to-animal communication to disperse their seeds and move them to a favorable location.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=122}}</ref> This happens by providing nutritious fruits to animals. The seeds are eaten together with the fruit and are later excreted at a different location.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=122–124}}</ref> Communication makes animals aware of where the fruits are and whether they are ripe. For many fruits, this happens through their color: they have an inconspicuous green color until they ripen and take on a new color that stands in visual contrast to the environment.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=125–126, 128}}</ref> Another example of interspecies communication is found in the ant-plant relation.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=129}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=56}} }}</ref> It concerns, for instance, the selection of seeds by [[ant]]s for their [[ant garden]]s and the pruning of exogenous vegetation as well as plant protection by ants.<ref>{{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=127}}</ref>

Some animal species also engage in interspecies communication, like apes, whales, dolphins, elephants, and dogs.<ref>{{harvnb|Berea|2017|pp=56–57}}</ref> For example, different species of monkeys use common signals to cooperate when threatened by a common predator.<ref>{{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=61}}</ref> Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with [[pet]]s and [[working animals]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=157}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=59}} | {{harvnb|Novak|Day|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bsBYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 202–203]}} }}</ref> For instance, acoustic signals play a central role in [[dog communication|communication with dogs]]. Dogs can learn to react to various commands, like "sit" and "come". They can even be trained to respond to short syntactic combinations, like "bring X" or "put X in a box". They also react to the pitch and frequency of the human voice to detect emotions, dominance, and uncertainty. Dogs use a range of behavioral patterns to convey their emotions to humans, for example, in regard to aggressiveness, fearfulness, and playfulness.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|pp=157–158}} | {{harvnb|Coren|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yzb3K3PykREC&pg=PT42 42]}} }}</ref>