Editing Closed-circuit television (section)

== Prevalence ==
[[File:Surveillance cameras mapped.png|thumb|A crowdsourced map of CCTV cameras near [[Grande Arche]], Paris, using [[OpenStreetMap]] data<ref>{{cite web |url=http://osmcamera.tk/index.php?lat=48.89280064&lon=2.2415328&zoom=17&layer=osm |title=The CCTV Map |website=osmcamera |author=khris78 |access-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025180244/http://osmcamera.tk/index.php?lat=48.89280064&lon=2.2415328&zoom=17&layer=osm |archive-date=25 October 2014 }}</ref>]][[File:UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG|thumb|right| The [[headquarters of the United Nations]] in New York, with cameras visible on the side of the [[United Nations General Assembly Building|UN General Assembly Building]]]]

=== In Asia ===
About 65% of CCTV cameras in the world are installed in Asia.<ref name="SDM2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.sdmmag.com/articles/92407-rise-of-surveillance-camera-installed-base-slows |website=SDM Magazine |title=Rise of Surveillance Camera Installed Base Slows|date=5 May 2016|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> In Asia, different human activities attracted the use of surveillance camera systems and services, including but not limited to business and related industries,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walton, Greg|title=China's Golden Shield: corporations and the development of surveillance technology in the People's Republic of China|publisher=Rights & Democracy|year=2001}}</ref> transportation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/australian-state-government-to-expand-cctv-use-across-transport-network|title=Australian state government to expand CCTV use across transport network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091654/http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/australian-state-government-to-expand-cctv-use-across-transport-network|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-03-11}}</ref> sports,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/early-doors/chinese-tv-station-cctv-provide--old-school--analysis-of-afc-asian-cup-match-133815624.html|title=Chinese TV station CCTV provide 'old school' analysis of AFC Asian Cup match|work=Yahoo Eurosport UK |access-date=2015-03-11}}</ref> and care for the environment.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ng | first = Kelly|url=http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/4530-indian-state-government-uses-cctv-to-cut-forest-crimes|title=Indian state government uses CCTV to cut forest crimes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011012135/http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/4530-indian-state-government-uses-cctv-to-cut-forest-crimes|date = 11 October 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-03-11}}</ref>

In 2018, China was reported to have over 170 million CCTV cameras.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-13 |title=Chinese man caught by facial recognition at pop concert |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-43751276 |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=British Broadcasting Corporation |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2023, China was estimated to have [[Mass surveillance in China|a huge surveillance network]] of around 540–626 million surveillance cameras, though numbers differ significantly between sources.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=Who's watching: the cities with the most CCTV cameras |url=https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/whos-watching-the-cities-with-the-most-cctv-cameras |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Geographical |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bischoff |first=Paul |date=2019-08-15 |title=Surveillance Camera Statistics: Which City has the Most CCTV? |url=https://www.comparitech.com/vpn-privacy/the-worlds-most-surveilled-cities/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Comparitech |language=en}}</ref> [[Beijing]], China's capital city, has the most cameras for a city overall, with a total of 1.15 million installed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=November 2020 |title=Surveillance Cities: who has the most CCTV cameras in the world? |url=https://surfshark.com/surveillance-cities |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Surfshark |language=en-US}}</ref> The cameras are used to record details such as gender, age, and ethnicity. Cameras have been used in a southern Chinese city to issue tickets to people for [[Summary offence|infractions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hui |first=Mary |date=2024-02-21 |title=China wants more control of its mass surveillance system |url=https://qz.com/china-mass-surveillance-system-control-1851273607 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> In India, the cities of [[Hyderabad]] and [[Delhi]], the capital, have around 900,000 and 450,000 cameras, respectively.<ref name=":3" /> The city of [[Chennai]] has the highest density per area of CCTV cameras worldwide, with 657 cameras per square kilometer in 2020 (from 280,000 CCTVs). China and India have some of the highest-density and the most amount of CCTVs in cities.<ref name=":4" />

South Korea's military has removed over 1,300 surveillance Chinese cameras from its bases for security reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jankowicz |first=Mia |date=September 17, 2024 |title=South Korea removed 1,300 cameras from its military bases after discovering they're designed to feed back to a Chinese server |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/south-korea-military-removes-1300-cctv-cameras-china-bases-security-2024-9 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> In Hong Kong, the police have stated that they are planning to install up to 7,000 surveillance cameras across Hong Kong in roughly three years time, up from the estimated 600 installed cameras in 2024; this amounts to roughly 2,000 planned cameras every year starting from 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Police plan to put up 7,000 CCTVs in HK by 2027 |url=https://gbcode.rthk.hk/TuniS/news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1783865-20241217.htm |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Radio Television Hong Kong |language=en-gb}}</ref> Earlier, in June 2024, the cameras have also been vaguely planned to be integrated with facial recognition artificial intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2024 |title=New CCTV cameras in Hong Kong to be equipped with facial recognition technology, security chief says |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2024/07/26/new-cctv-cameras-in-hong-kong-to-be-equipped-with-facial-recognition-technology-security-chief-says/ |access-date=December 19, 2024 |website=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yeung |first=Jessie |date=2024-10-06 |title=Hong Kong plans to install thousands of surveillance cameras. Critics say it's more proof the city is moving closer to China |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/05/asia/hong-kong-police-cameras-facial-recognition-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The plan has been criticized for the potential for the country to become similar to the "intense surveillance of mainland China".<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Leonie Helm |date=2024-10-11 |title=Hong Kong to get thousands of new security cameras – with AI and facial recognition technology |url=https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/news/hong-kong-to-get-thousands-of-new-security-cameras-with-ai-and-facial-recognition-technology |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=digitalcameraworld |language=en}}</ref> In Japan, an estimation by [[Nikkei Business Publications|Nikkei Business]] estimated that the total number of security cameras in Japan is approximately 5 million in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yoshino |first=Jiro |date=13 November 2018 |title=日本の防犯カメラ、500万台に迫る |trans-title=Japan's security cameras approach 5 million |url=https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/report/16/110800252/111200002/ |access-date=5 February 2023 |language=ja}}</ref> In Singapore, it was estimated that the total number of CCTVs was around 90,000 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=Almost 90,000 police cameras installed in Singapore, 'many more to come': Shanmugam |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/90000-police-cameras-installed-singapore-shanmugam-102536548.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAKrzGD0rET5mGJEye2JXEGcYpvYV6G4ozyUmZlkOhi29hPl3Y1s9oebOaE-AKJlQoNoC25cFJxik-TjU0bDE8k91qiC9iu9WbhByp6FGFSR9ARZs_kUExjgfiCwi-n0XH3uF0ys9OOkWGI-X0wWrNpeVDlxo01wNS_Sc3to6A2TQ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-SG}}</ref>

===In the Americas===
[[File:2017-08-13 Sunriver Airport 18.jpg|thumb|Surveillance camera mounted on a tripod in [[Sunriver, Oregon]]]]
In 2009, there were an estimated 15,000 CCTV systems in [[Chicago]], many linked to an integrated camera network.<ref name="WSJ2009">{{cite news |date=17 November 2009 |title=Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704538404574539910412824756 |access-date=5 January 2017 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Chicago Links Police, Private Cameras |url=https://abc7chicago.com/archive/7370352/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406171238/http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=7370352 |archive-date=6 April 2010 |access-date=2010-08-16 |publisher=[[WLS-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 2011 |title=Chicago's Video SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS: A PERVASIVE AND UNREGULATED THREAT TO OUR PRIVACY |url=http://www.aclu-il.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Surveillance-Camera-Report1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327043725/http://www.aclu-il.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Surveillance-Camera-Report1.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=5 January 2017 |publisher=ACLU of Illinois}}</ref> New York City's [[Domain Awareness System]] has 6,000 video surveillance cameras linked together,<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2013 |title=NYPD expands surveillance net to fight crime as well as terrorism |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-ny-surveillance-idUSL2N0EV0D220130621 |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=Reuters}}</ref> there are over 4,000 cameras on the subway system (although nearly half of them do not work),<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2010 |title=Lack of Video Slows Hunt for a Killer in the Subway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/nyregion/30subway.html |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> and two-thirds of large apartment and commercial buildings use video surveillance cameras.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2005 |title=The State Of Surveillance |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2005-08-07/the-state-of-surveillance |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=Bloomberg Business}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 October 2013 |title=The Building Has 1,000 Eyes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/realestate/more-surveillance-cameras-at-new-york-residences.html |access-date=5 January 2017 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In [[Washington, D.C.]], there are more than 30,000 surveillance cameras in schools,<ref>{{cite news |date=1 January 2015 |title=30,000 Surveillance Cameras Monitor D.C.-Area Public Schools |url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/30000-Surveillance-Cameras-Monitor-DC-Area-Public-Schools-287297041.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006071902/http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/30000-Surveillance-Cameras-Monitor-DC-Area-Public-Schools-287297041.html |archive-date=6 October 2015 |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=NBC Washington}}</ref> and the [[Washington Metro|Metro]] has nearly 6,000 cameras in use across the system.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2013 |title=Metro Plans to Triple Number of Security Cameras |url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Metro-Plans-to-Triple-Number-of-Security-Cameras-200859881.html |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=NBC Washington}}</ref>

There were an estimated 30 million surveillance cameras in the United States in 2011.<ref>{{cite book |title=Technocreep: the surrender of privacy and the capitalization of intimacy. |date=2014 |publisher=Greystone Books |location=[S.l.] |isbn=978-1771641227 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RExHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |postscript=none}}; {{cite news |title=Surveillance Society: New High-Tech Cameras Are Watching You |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a2398/4236865/ |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=Popular Mechanics |date=30 September 2009 |postscript=none}}; {{cite news |title=Lawmakers want more surveillance on the ground -- and in the sky |url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/20/17830619-lawmakers-want-more-surveillance-on-the-ground-and-in-the-sky?lite |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=NBC News |date=20 April 2013 |postscript=none}}; {{cite book |last1=Dempsey |first1=John |last2=Forst |first2=Linda |title=An Introduction to Policing |date=2015 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=9781305544680 |page=485 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4TCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA485}}</ref> Video surveillance has been common in the United States since the 1990s; for example, one manufacturer reported net earnings of $120 million in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Video Surveillance: Is It An Effective Crime Prevention Tool? |url=http://www.library.ca.gov/crb/97/05/ |publisher=California Research Bureau |access-date=5 February 2015 |date=June 1997 |quote=The popularity of CCTV security systems has not gone unnoticed by the manufacturers of camera surveillance systems. ...A leading CCTV manufacturer reported net earnings of $120 million in 1995, compared with net earnings of $16 million the previous year. ...Over 50 percent of all CCTV surveillance equipment sales are to industrial and commercial clients. CCTV surveillance is also very common in the American workplace. |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417005043/http://www.library.ca.gov/CRB/97/05/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> With lower cost and easier installation, sales of home security cameras increased in the early 21st century. Following the [[September 11 attacks]], the use of video surveillance in public places became more common to deter future terrorist attacks.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge" /> Under the [[Homeland Security Grant Program]], government grants are available for cities to install surveillance camera networks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Minoli |first1=Daniel |title=Building the internet of things with IPv6 and MIPv6 the evolving world of M2M communications |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley |location=New Jersey |isbn=9781118647134 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DW8UbAiaLEC&pg=PT85}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The great surveillance boom |url=http://fortune.com/2013/04/26/the-great-surveillance-boom/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=24 January 2016 |date=26 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Privacy Fears Grow as Cities Increase Surveillance|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/technology/privacy-fears-as-surveillance-grows-in-cities.html|access-date=5 January 2017|work=The New York Times|date=13 October 2013}}</ref> In 2018, there are approximately 70 million surveillance cameras in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilic-Godfrey |first=Stanislava |date=2021 |title=Artificial intelligence: taking on a bigger role in our future security |url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-10/investigation-and-security-services.htm |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Bureau of Labor Statistics |language=en}}</ref>

In Canada, Project SCRAM is a policing effort by the Canadian policing service [[Halton Regional Police Service]] to register and help consumers understand privacy and safety issues related to the installations of home security systems. The project service has not been extended to commercial businesses.<ref name="One Vision, One Mission, One Team">{{Cite web |title=Security Camera Registration And Monitoring (S.C.R.A.M.) |url=http://haltonpolice.ca/CommunityPolicing/Pages/securitycameraregistration.aspx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160114161848/http://www.haltonpolice.ca:80/COMMUNITYPOLICING/Pages/securitycameraregistration.aspx |archive-date=2016-01-14 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Halton Regional Police Service}}</ref>

In Latin America, the CCTV market is growing rapidly with the increase of property crime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2009 |title=Latin American Physical Security Market Growing Rapidly |url=https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/80152-latin-american-physical-security-market-growing-rapidly |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Security Magazine |language=en}}</ref> In Brazil, CCTV usage is only permitted in public areas, though individuals must be informed about the presence of the camera according to the Brazilian [[General Personal Data Protection Law|LGPD]] (which broadly aligns with the EU's GDPR),<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title=Law in Brazil |url=https://www.dlapiperdataprotection.com/?t=law&c=BR |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=DLA Piper Global Data Protection Laws of the World}}</ref> the [[Brazilian Civil Code]],<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Brazil: Relevant legislation |url=https://www.npsa.gov.uk/system/files/documents/npsa_dentons_brazil.pdf |journal=National Protective Security Authority}}</ref> and the [[Brazilian National Standards Organization|Brazilian Association of Technical Standards]]. However, starting in 2023, in Brazil, the Smart Sampa project, a project that plans to deploy 20,000 facial recognition cameras by 2024, has been criticized for its potential to be "biased against [[Black people|Black individuals]]" and overall risks of data privacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mari |first=Angelica |date=13 July 2023 |title=Facial recognition surveillance in São Paulo could worsen racism |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/7/13/facial-recognition-surveillance-in-sao-paulo-could-worsen-racism |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== In Russia ===
[[File:Soviet Motorised CCTV camera - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Soviet motorized CCTV camera]]
In 2017, in Russia, the Moscow network included 160,000 CCTV cameras and 95 percent of residential buildings; over 3,500 Russian cameras were connected to the General Centre for Data Storage and Processing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2017 |title=Moscow has one of the world's largest CCTV systems with face recognition |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/30105073/ |website=mos.ru}}</ref> Video recordings are used to solve 70 percent of offenses and crimes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McGoogan |first=Cara |date=29 September 2017 |title=Facial recognition fitted to 5,000 CCTV cameras in Moscow |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/09/29/facial-recognition-fitted-5000-cctv-cameras-moscow/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/09/29/facial-recognition-fitted-5000-cctv-cameras-moscow/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |newspaper=The Telegraph |via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2024, there are over 1 million video surveillance cameras in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Шадаев сообщил, что в России работает более 1 млн камер видеонаблюдения |trans-title=Shadayev reported that there are more than 1 million CCTV cameras in operation in Russia |url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/20219873 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=[[TASS]] |language=ru}}</ref> About 230,000 are in use in Moscow alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Создание городской системы видеонаблюдения |trans-title=Creation of a city video surveillance system |url=https://um.mos.ru/exhibits/sozdanie-gorodskoy-sistemy-videonablyudeniya/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240605174427/https://um.mos.ru/exhibits/sozdanie-gorodskoy-sistemy-videonablyudeniya/ |archive-date=2024-06-05 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=um.mos.ru |language=ru}}</ref> According to data from the Russian Minister for Digital Development, [[Maksut Shadayev]], one in three of all CCTVs in Russia were connected to a [[facial recognition system]]. A leaked document revealed that the president of Russia, [[Vladimir Putin]], called on the [[Federal Security Service|Russian security services]] to fund "a massive AI-based surveillance apparatus". The spending of over {{Currency|115 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} was planned for the system in 2024–2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gielewska |first=Anna |date=2024-03-27 |title=Kremlin Leaks: How Putin's Regime is Building AI Surveillance Operations |url=https://vsquare.org/kremlin-leaks-russia-putin-ai-surveillance-facial-recognition-ntechlab/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=VSquare.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== In Europe<!-- Severely lacking coverage of other European countries. --> ===

==== In the United Kingdom ====
In the United Kingdom, the vast majority of CCTV cameras are operated not by government bodies, but by private individuals or companies, especially to monitor the interiors of shops and businesses. According to the [[Freedom of Information Act 2000]] requests, the total number of local government-operated CCTV cameras was around 52,000 over the entirety of the UK.<ref name="refBBW1">{{cite web|title= The Price of Privacy: How local authorities spent £515m on CCTV in four years|url= http://www.bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/files/priceofprivacy/Price_of_privacy_2012.pdf|publisher= Big Brother Watch|date= February 2012|page= 30|access-date= 4 February 2015|archive-date= 23 September 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185058/http://www.bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/files/priceofprivacy/Price_of_privacy_2012.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>

An article published in ''CCTV Image'' magazine estimated the number of private and local government-operated cameras in the United Kingdom was 1.85 million in 2011. The estimate was based on extrapolating from a comprehensive survey of public and private cameras within the [[Cheshire Constabulary]] jurisdiction. This works out as an average of one camera for every 32 people in the UK, although the density of cameras varies greatly from place to place. The Cheshire report also claims that the average person on a typical day would be seen by 70 CCTV cameras.<ref name="Guardian2011">{{cite news|title=You're being watched: there's one CCTV camera for every 32 people in UK - Research shows 1.85m machines across Britain, most of them indoors and privately operated|url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/02/cctv-cameras-watching-surveillance|access-date=7 January 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 March 2011}}</ref>

The Cheshire figure is regarded as more dependable than a previous study by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris of ''UrbanEye'' published in 2002.<ref name="Guardian2011" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbaneye.net/results/ue_wp6.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.urbaneye.net/results/ue_wp6.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=CCTV in London|access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> Based on a small sample in [[Putney]] High Street, McCahill and Norris extrapolated the number of surveillance cameras in [[London|Greater London]] to be around 500,000 and the total number of cameras in the UK to be around 4.2 million. According to their estimate, the UK has one camera for every 14 people. Although it has been acknowledged for several years that the methodology behind this figure is flawed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/factcheck+how+many+cctv+cameras/2291167|title=FactCheck: how many CCTV cameras?|publisher=Channel 4 News|date=18 June 2008|access-date=8 May 2009|archive-date=11 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511054941/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/factcheck+how+many+cctv+cameras/2291167|url-status=dead}}</ref> it has been widely quoted. Furthermore, the figure of 500,000 for Greater London is often confused with the figure for the police and local government-operated cameras in the [[City of London]], which was about 650 in 2011.<ref name="refBBW1" />

The ''CCTV User Group'' estimated that there were around 1.5 million private and local government CCTV cameras in city centres, stations, airports, and major retail areas in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cctvusergroup.com/art.php?art=94|title=How many cameras are there?|publisher=CCTV User Group|date=18 June 2008|access-date=8 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023191646/http://www.cctvusergroup.com/art.php?art=94|archive-date=23 October 2008}}</ref> Research conducted by the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research and based on a survey of all Scottish local authorities identified that there are over 2,200 public space CCTV cameras in Scotland.<ref>Bannister, J., Mackenzie, S. and Norris, P. [http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/pubs/Public-Space-CCTV-in-Scotland--Results-of-a-National-Survey-of-Scotlands-Local-Authorities/182 Public Space CCTV in Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927060757/http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/pubs/Public-Space-CCTV-in-Scotland--Results-of-a-National-Survey-of-Scotlands-Local-Authorities/182 |date=27 September 2012 }}(2009), Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research (Research Report)</ref> The UK has often been cited as a country that has one of the most CCTV cameras in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surveillance cameras in Germany and Europe: A statistical overview |url=https://weberprotect.com/en/blogs/news/uberwachungskameras-in-deutschland-und-europa-ein-statistischer-uberblick |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Weber Protect |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2021 |title=The story of CCTV in Europe, from resistance to adoption |url=https://www.calipsa.io/blog/the-story-of-cctv-in-europe-from-resistance-to-adoption |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=www.calipsa.io |language=en}}</ref>

=== In Africa ===
In South Africa, due to the [[Crime in South Africa|high crime rate]], CCTV surveillance is widely prevalent. The first [[IP camera]] was released in 1996 by [[Axis Communications]], but IP cameras did not arrive in South Africa until 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intellisec.co.za/cctv-systems/|title=CCTV Systems|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402063442/http://intellisec.co.za/cctv-systems/|url-status=dead}}</ref> To regulate the number of suppliers in 2001, the Private Security Industry Regulation Act was passed requiring all security companies to be registered with the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psira.co.za/psira/images/Documents/Code_of_conduct/2014_psira_act.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.psira.co.za/psira/images/Documents/Code_of_conduct/2014_psira_act.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=PSIRA ACT|publisher=Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority|date=25 February 2002|access-date=2016-10-12}}</ref> In Egypt, the capital city of [[Cairo]] has approximately 47,000 cameras,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bischoff |first=Paul |date=2019-08-15 |title=Surveillance Camera Statistics: Which City has the Most CCTV? |url=https://www.comparitech.com/vpn-privacy/the-worlds-most-surveilled-cities/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Comparitech |language=en}}</ref> while the [[New Administrative Capital]] has more than 6,000 surveillance cameras in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023 |title=Concern over violations as Egypt plans CCTV cameras in new high-tech capital |url=https://thearabweekly.com/concern-over-violations-egypt-plans-cctv-cameras-new-high-tech-capital |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230105224717/https://www.thearabweekly.com/concern-over-violations-egypt-plans-cctv-cameras-new-high-tech-capital |archive-date=2023-01-05 |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=Arab Weekly |language=en}}</ref> In South Sudan, the Ministry of Interior has reinstated the operation of CCTV surveillance cameras in [[Juba]] after the cameras have been inactive for over four years;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=Interior ministry restores Juba CCTV cameras |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/interior-ministry-restores-juba-cctv-cameras |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref> South Sudan also launched a drone security system in 2024 in Juba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=South Sudan launches CCTV and drone system to fight crime |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/12/04/south-sudan-launches-cctv-and-drone-system-to-fight-crime/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=AfricaNews |language=en}}</ref>