Editing Cicada (section)

== In human culture ==
{{further|Insects in culture}}

=== In art and literature ===
[[File:Schreibzeug (Nürnberg).jpg|thumb|Silver casket with writing utensils, made by the [[Nuremberg]] goldsmith [[Wenzel Jamnitzer]] (1507/08–1585): a silver cicada is at lower left.]]
[[File:Japanese snuff bottle in the form of a cicada 01A.jpg|thumb|Japanese [[snuff (tobacco)|snuff]] bottle in the form of a cicada, ''c.'' 1900]]

Cicadas have been featured in literature since the time of Homer's ''Iliad'', and as motifs in decorative art from the Chinese Shang dynasty (1766–1122 BCE).{{efn|See for instance the [[nephrite]] cicada from the Han dynasty (''c.'' 210 BCE) in the San Francisco Asian Art Museum.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cicada|url=http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/artwork/cicada|publisher=Asian Art Museum|access-date=25 August 2015|archive-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005163824/http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/artwork/cicada|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} They are described by [[Aristotle]] in his ''[[History of Animals]]'' and by [[Pliny the Elder]] in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]''; their mechanism of sound production is mentioned by [[Hesiod]] in his poem "[[Works and Days]]": "when the [[Scolymus|Skolymus]] flowers, and the tuneful ''Tettix'' sitting on his tree in the weary summer season pours forth from under his wings his shrill song".<ref>{{cite book | author=Myers, J. G. |title=Insect Singers | publisher=G. Routledge and Sons| year=1929 |url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/walker/buzz/c700lm29sec01.pdf}}</ref> In the classic 14th-century Chinese novel ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'', [[Diaochan]] took her name from the sable (''diāo'') tails and jade decorations in the shape of cicadas (''chán''), which adorned the hats of high-level officials.

In the Japanese novel ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'', the title character poetically likens one of his many love interests to a cicada for the way she delicately sheds her robe the way a cicada sheds its shell when molting. Cicada exuviae play a role in the [[manga]] ''[[Winter Cicada]]''. Cicadas are a frequent subject of ''[[haiku]]'', where, depending on type, they can indicate spring, summer, or autumn.<ref name="haiku_semi">{{Cite web | publisher=University of Virginia | url=http://hatbox.lib.virginia.edu/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/HigHaik.xml&style=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/long.xsl&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes&entryid=semi | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212110250/http://hatbox.lib.virginia.edu/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/HigHaik.xml&style=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/haiku/long.xsl&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes&entryid=semi | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-12-12 | work=Haiku topical dictionary | title=Cicadas}}.</ref> [[Shaun Tan]]'s illustrated book ''Cicada'' tells the story of a hardworking but underappreciated cicada working in an office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arthuralevinebooks.com/cicada|title=Cicada|website=Arthur A. Levine Books|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-20|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220235939/https://www.arthuralevinebooks.com/cicada|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Branden Jacobs-Jenkins]]'s play ''[[Appropriate (play)|Appropriate]]'' takes place on an Arkansas farm in summer, and calls for the sounds of mating cicadas to underscore the entire show.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jacobs-Jenkins|first=Branden|url=https://www.dramatists.com/cgi-bin/db/single.asp?key=5011|title=Appropriate|publisher=Dramatists Play Service|year=2016|isbn=978-0822231912|location=New York|pages=1–116}}</ref>

=== In fashion ===
Being lightweight, and with hooklike legs, the [[exuviae]] of cicadas can be used as hair or clothing accessories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lacarmina.com/blog/2008/08/cicada-shell-hair-accessories-on-shokotan-japanese-idol-actress-blogger/|title=CICADA SHELL HAIR ACCESSORIES ON SHOKOTAN, JAPANESE IDOL ACTRESS BLOGGER. &#124; La Carmina Blog – Alternative Fashion, Goth Travel, Subcultures|website=Lacarmina.com|date=28 August 2008|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>

=== As food and folk medicine ===
[[file:deepfried cicada.jpg|thumb|Deep-fried ''Cryptotympana atrata'' in [[Shandong cuisine]]]]
Cicadas were eaten in [[Ancient Greece]], and are consumed in selected regions in modern [[China]], both as adults and (more often) as nymphs.<ref name="Simoons1990">{{cite book |last=Simoons |first=Frederick J. |title=Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&pg=PA334 |date= 1990 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-8804-0 |page=334}}</ref> Cicadas are also eaten in [[Malaysia]], [[Burma]], North America, and central Africa, as well as the [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] region of [[Pakistan]], especially in [[Ziarat]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Taazan – Cicada – How to Cook ? – Ziarat |location=Balochistan, Pakistan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPMlpOqsZiM| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/xPMlpOqsZiM| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|website=YouTube.com|date=2 August 2019 |language=ur|access-date=2019-08-25}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Female cicadas are prized for being meatier.<ref name= "insecteducation" /> Shells of cicadas are employed in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]s,<ref>[[Li Shizhen]], [[Bencao Gangmu]], Section of Insect. 李时珍, 本草纲目, 虫部</ref> claiming that they possess anti-convulsive, sedative, and hypothermic effects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hsieh |first1=M.T. |last2=Peng |first2=W.H. |last3=Yeh |first3=F.T. |last4=Tsai |first4=H.Y. |last5=Chang |first5=Y.S. |date=July 11, 1991 |title=Studies on the anticonvulsive, sedative and hypothermic effects of Periostracum Cicadae extracts |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90136-2 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=83–90 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(91)90136-2 |pmid=1753798 |via=Science Direct}}</ref> The 17-year "Onondaga Brood"<ref>{{cite web |title=Brood VII: The Onondaga Brood |url=http://magicicada.org/magicicada/brood_07/ |website=Periodical Cicadas |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130074057/http://magicicada.org/magicicada/brood_07/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Magicicada'' is culturally important and a particular delicacy to the [[Onondaga people]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Dehowähda•dih |title=Ogweñ•yó'da' déñ'se' Hanadagá•yas: The Cicada and George Washington |url=http://www.onondaganation.org/blog/2018/ogwen%E2%80%A2yoda-dense-hanadaga%E2%80%A2yas-the-cicada-and-george-washington/ |website=Onondaga Nation Website |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> and are considered a novelty food item by modern consumers in several states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cicadas-brood-x-eating-food-delicacy/|title=The cicadas are coming — and foodies are getting ready to feast|website=[[CBS News]]|date=25 May 2021 }}</ref>

=== In music ===
Cicadas are featured in the protest song "Como La Cigarra" ("Like the Cicada") written by Argentinian poet and composer [[María Elena Walsh]]. In the song, the cicada is a symbol of survival and defiance against death. The song was recorded by [[Mercedes Sosa]], among other Latin American musicians.

In North America and Mexico, there is a well-known song, "{{lang|es|La Cigarra}}" ("The Cicada"), written by [[:es:Raymundo Pérez y Soto|Raymundo Perez Soto]], which is a song in the [[Mariachi]] tradition, that romanticises the insect as a creature that sings until it dies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lyricstranslate.com/en/la-cigarra-cicada.html-3|title=La Cigarra / The Cicada|publisher=Lyrics Translate|access-date=24 August 2015}}</ref>

Brazilian artist [[Lenine (musician)|Lenine]] with his track "Malvadeza" from the album ''Chão'', creates a song built upon the sound of the cicada that can be heard along the track.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.letras.com.br/lenine/malvadeza|title=Malvadeza|publisher=Letras|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>

Cicada sounds heavily feature on the 2021 album ''[[Solar Power (album)|Solar Power]]'' by New Zealand artist [[Lorde]]. She described cicada song as being emblematic of the New Zealand summer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lorde samples cicada sounds on Solar Power|url=https://uk.style.yahoo.com/lorde-samples-cicada-sounds-solar-120842330.html|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Uk.style.yahoo.com|date=11 August 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== In mythology and folklore ===
{{main|Cicada (mythology)}}
[[File:Jade cicada amulets. Western Han Dynasty 206 BCE - CE 8.jpg|thumb|Jade cicada amulets. Western Han Dynasty 206 BCE – CE 8]]
Cicadas have been used as money, in folk medicine, to forecast the weather, to provide song (in China), and in folklore and myths around the world.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cicada |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada |encyclopedia=Britannica |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> In France, the cicada represents the [[folklore]] of [[Provence]] and the Mediterranean cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.notreprovence.fr/faune_cigale.html | publisher= Notre Provence | location=[[France|FR]] | title= La cigale, emblème de la Provence | language=fr | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315081430/http://www.notreprovence.fr/faune_cigale.html |archive-date=15 March 2009}}</ref>

The cicada has represented {{linktext|insouciance}} since [[classical antiquity]]. [[Jean de La Fontaine]] began his collection of fables ''Les fables de La Fontaine'' with the story "La Cigale et la Fourmi" ("The Cicada and the Ant") based on one of [[Aesop]]'s fables; in it, the cicada spends the summer singing, while the ant stores away food, and the cicada finds herself without food when the weather turns bitter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chevrier |first=Irène |title=La Fontaine, fabuleusement inspiré par Esope – Un autre regard sur la Grèce |date=24 April 2007 |language=fr |url=http://www.la-grece.com/dotclear/index.php?2007/04/24/259-la-fontaine-fabuleusement-inspire-par-esope |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228053146/http://www.la-grece.com/dotclear/index.php?2007%2F04%2F24%2F259-la-fontaine-fabuleusement-inspire-par-esope |archive-date=28 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Chinese tradition, the cicada ({{lang|zh|蟬}}, ''chán'') symbolises rebirth and immortality.<ref name=Riegel>{{cite web |last1=Riegel |first1=Garland |title=Cicada in Chinese Folklore (with bibliography) |url=http://www.insects.org/ced3/cicada_chfolk.html |publisher=Insects.org |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905142946/http://www.insects.org/ced3/cicada_chfolk.html |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the Chinese essay "[[Thirty-Six Stratagems]]", the phrase "to shed the golden cicada skin" ({{zh|s=金蝉脱壳|t=金蟬脫殼|p=jīnchán tuōqiào}}) is the poetic name for using a decoy (leaving the exuviae) to fool enemies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thirty-Six Strategies|url=http://wengu.tartarie.com/wg/wengu.php?l=36ji&no=21|publisher=Wengu|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> In the Chinese classic novel ''[[Journey to the West]]'' (16th century), the protagonist Priest of Tang was named the Golden Cicada.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Yu, Anthony C. Yu (trans.) |title=The Journey to the West |volume=I |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1977 |page=14}}</ref>

In Japan, the cicada is associated with the summer season.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cicadas' Song: Japan's Summer Soundtrack |date=12 September 2014 |url=http://www.tofugu.com/2014/09/12/the-cicadas-song-japans-summer-soundtrack/ |access-date=24 August 2015}}</ref> For many Japanese people, summer hasn't officially begun until the first songs of the cicada are heard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.japan-experience.com/to-know/understanding-japan/cicadas |title=Cicadas |date=31 May 2017 |website=Japan Experience |access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref> According to [[Lafcadio Hearn]], the song of ''[[Meimuna opalifera]]'', called ''tsuku-tsuku boshi'', is said to indicate the end of summer, and it is called so because of its particular call.<ref name="Hearn2007">{{cite book |last=Hearn |first=Lafcadio |title=Shadowings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgvC9wIA9O4C&pg=PA85 |year=2007 |publisher=Cosimo |isbn=978-1-60206-066-1 |page=85}}</ref>

In the [[Homeric Hymns|Homeric ''Hymn to Aphrodite'']], the goddess [[Aphrodite]] retells the legend of how [[Eos]], the goddess of the dawn, requested [[Zeus]] to let her lover [[Tithonus]] live forever as an [[Immortality|immortal]].<ref name="DuBois">{{cite book|last1=DuBois|first1=Page|title=Out of Athens: The New Ancient Greeks|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-674-03558-4|pages=51–53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkIkmvHP30kC&q=cicada%20of%20Athens&pg=PA53}}</ref> Zeus granted her request, but because Eos forgot to ask him to also make Tithonus ageless, Tithonus never died, but he did grow old.<ref name="DuBois"/> Eventually, he became so tiny and shriveled that he turned into the first cicada.<ref name="DuBois"/> The Greeks also used a cicada sitting on a harp as an emblem of music.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16435670 |title=The Cicada|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=21 January 1928 |access-date=7 June 2013 |page=21 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

In Kapampangan mythology in the [[Philippines]], the goddess of dusk, Sisilim, is said to be greeted by the sounds and appearances of cicadas whenever she appears.<ref name="auto17"/>

===As pests===
Cicadas feed on [[sap]]; they do not [[bite]] or [[stinger|sting]] in a true sense, but may occasionally mistake a person's arm for a plant limb and attempt to feed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/do-cicadas-bite-or-sting/ |title=Do cicadas bite or sting? |date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Cicada Mania |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611154219/http://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/do-cicadas-bite-or-sting/ |archive-date=11 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}.</ref> Male cicadas produce very loud calls that can damage human hearing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cicadas &#124; National Geographic |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=10 May 2011 |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/cicadas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620085916/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/cicadas/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date =15 July 2017}}</ref>

Cicadas are not major agricultural pests, but in some outbreak years, trees may be overwhelmed by the sheer numbers of females laying their eggs in the shoots. Small trees may wilt and larger trees may lose small branches.<ref name=Capinera/> Although in general, the feeding activities of the nymphs do little damage, during the year before an outbreak of periodic cicadas, the large nymphs feed heavily and plant growth may suffer.<ref name=Yang>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Louie H. |year=2004 |title=Periodical cicadas as resource pulses in North American forests |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=306 |issue=5701 |pages=1565–1567 |doi=10.1126/science.1103114 |pmid=15567865|bibcode = 2004Sci...306.1565Y |s2cid=27088981 }}</ref> Some species have turned from wild grasses to [[sugarcane]], which affects the crop adversely, and in a few isolated cases, females have oviposited on [[cash crop]]s such as [[date palm]]s, [[grape]] vines, [[citrus]] trees, [[asparagus]], and [[cotton]].<ref name=Capinera/>

Cicadas sometimes cause damage to ornamental shrubs and trees, mainly in the form of scarring left on tree branches where the females have laid their eggs. Branches of young trees may die as a result.<ref>{{cite news | date=9 September 1895 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1895/09/09/archives/great-damage-from-insects-they-are-doing-more-destruction-to-crops.html | title=Great Damage from Insects; They Are Doing More Destruction to Crops This Year than Usual | newspaper=The New York Times |page=6}}.</ref><ref name=OhioCultivator>{{cite journal |title=Restoring Fertility in Exhausted Wheat Lands – Use of Marlin Ohio, &c. |journal=Ohio Cultivator |date=1847 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HEr8tU414YC&pg=PA3 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2021|reason=There doesn't seem to be anything here about cicadas, trees or shrubs.}}