Editing Chicory (section)

=== Forage ===
Chicory is highly digestible for [[ruminant]]s and has a low fiber concentration.<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jla_sZtQPi0C&pg=PA209 | title = Advances in agronomy | isbn = 978-0-12-000786-8 | last1 = Agronomy | first1 = American Society of | date = 2005-10-25| publisher = Gulf Professional }}</ref> Chicory roots were once considered an "excellent substitute for [[oats]]" for horses due to their protein and fat content.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TisoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74 | title = Commerce reports | publisher = Bureau Of Foreign And Domestic Commerce | first = Alfred W. | last = Donegan | year = 1915}}</ref> Chicory contains a low quantity of reduced tannins<ref name="books.google.com" /> that may increase protein utilization efficiency in ruminants.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Some tannins reduce intestinal parasites.<ref name="smallstock.info">{{cite web|url=http://www.smallstock.info/info/feedhealth/tannins.htm |title=Tannins, Nutrition and Internal Parasites |publisher=NR International |archive-date=2008-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210060232/http://www.smallstock.info/info/feedhealth/tannins.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kidane | first1 = A. Houdijk JG. Athanasiadou S. Tolkamp BJ. Kyriazakis I. | year = 2010 | title = Effects of maternal protein nutrition and subsequent grazing on chicory (Cichorium intybus) on parasitism and performance of lambs | journal = Journal of Animal Science | volume = 88 | issue = 4| pages = 1513–21 | doi=10.2527/jas.2009-2530| pmid = 20023143 }}</ref> Dietary chicory may be [[toxicity|toxic]] to internal [[parasite]]s, with studies of ingesting chicory by [[Livestock|farm animal]]s having lower [[Intestinal parasite infection|worm burdens]], leading to its use as a [[forage]] [[dietary supplement|supplement]].<ref>{{cite journal
  | title = Individual administration of three tanniferous forage plants to lambs artificially infected with ''Haemonchus contortus'' and ''Cooperia curticei''
  | journal = Vet. Parasitol.
  | volume = 146
  | issue = 1–2
  | pages = 123–34
  | date = 2007-05-15
  | url =http://orgprints.org/13009/1/abstract_Vet_Parasitol_Heckendorn.pdf| doi =10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.01.009
  | pmid = 17336459
  | last1 =Heckendorn
  | first1 =F
  | last2 =Häring
  | first2 =DA
  | last3 =Maurer
  | first3 =V
  | last4 =Senn
  | first4 =M
  | last5 =Hertzberg
  | first5 =H  }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
  | title = The use of chicory for parasite control in organic ewes and their lambs
  | journal = Parasitology
  | volume = 134
  | issue = Pt 2
  | pages = 299–307
  |date=February 2007
  | doi =10.1017/S0031182006001363
  | pmid = 17032469 
  | author =Athanasiadou, S.
  | last2 =Gray
  | first2 =D
  | last3 =Younie
  | first3 =D
  | last4 =Tzamaloukas
  | first4 =O
  | last5 =Jackson
  | first5 =F
  | last6 =Kyriazakis
  | first6 =I  | s2cid = 20439889
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
  | last1 = Tzamaloukas
  | first1 = O
  | title =The effect of chicory (''Cichorium intybus'') and sulla (''Hedysarum coronarium'') on larval development and mucosal cell responses of growing lambs challenged with ''Teladorsagia circumcincta''
  | journal = Parasitology
  | volume = 132
  | issue = Pt 3
  | pages = 419–26
  |date=March 2006
  | doi =10.1017/S0031182005009194
  | pmid = 16332288
  | last2 =Athanasiadou
  | first2 =S
  | last3 =Kyriazakis
  | first3 =I
  | last4 =Huntley
  | first4 =JF
  | last5 =Jackson
  | first5 =F  | s2cid = 19505377
 }}</ref> Although chicory might have originated in France, Italy and India,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Rans |title=Chicory: A Powerful Perennial |url=http://www.qdma.com/what-we-do/articles/food-plotshabitat/chicory/ |website=Quality Deer Management Association |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111104203/http://www.qdma.com/what-we-do/articles/food-plotshabitat/chicory/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2012|date=2012-01-11 }}</ref> much development of chicory for use with livestock has been undertaken in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruralliving.co.nz/cms/special_feature/pasture_management/2011/03/making_good_use_of_chicory.php |title=Making good use of chicory |date=2011-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727162720/http://www.ruralliving.co.nz/cms/special_feature/pasture_management/2011/03/making_good_use_of_chicory.php |archive-date=2011-07-27}}</ref>

Forage varieties include:
* 'Puna' ('[[Grassland]]s Puna'): Developed in New Zealand,<ref>Gene Logsdon {{google books|jmZtbmnSLlsC|All Flesh is Grass: The Pleasures and Promises of Pasture Farming|page=208}}</ref><ref>Donald L. Sparks (Editor){{google books|jla_sZtQPi0C|Advances in Agronomy, Volume 88|page=188}}</ref> Grasslands Puna is well adapted to different climates, being grown from [[Alberta]], [[Canada]], [[New Mexico]], [[Florida]] to Australia.<ref name="Sparks">Donald L. Sparks (Editor) {{google books|jla_sZtQPi0C|Advances in Agronomy, Volume 88|page=190}}</ref> It is resistant to bolting, which leads to high nutrient levels in the leaves in spring. It also is able to quickly come back after grazing.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Nelson |editor-first1=C. Jerry  |editor-last2=Redfearn |editor-first2=Daren D.  |editor-last3=Moore |editor-first3=Kenneth J. |editor-last4=Collins |editor-first4=Michael |date=2020 |title=Forages, Volume 2, The Science of Grassland Agriculture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGjoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chicory+rapid+recovery+from+grazing&pg=PA354 |location=West Sussex, England |publisher=Wiley |page=354 |isbn=9781119436614 |quote=rapid recovery from grazing}}</ref>
* 'Forage Feast':<ref>Ashton Acton (Editor) {{google books|CnEKjKiB2q4C|Advances in Agriculture Research and Application: 2011 Edition|page=280}}</ref> A variety from France used for human consumption and also for wildlife plots, where animals such as deer might graze.<ref name="Sparks" /> It is resistant to bolting.<ref name="Moore">Kenneth J. Moore, Michael Collins, C. Jerry Nelson and Daren D. Redfearn (Editors) {{google books|RjXnDwAAQBAJ|Forages, Volume 2: The Science of Grassland Agriculture|page=354}}</ref> It is very cold-hardy, and being lower in tannins than other forage varieties, is suitable for human consumption.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}
* 'Choice': has been bred for high winter and early-spring growth activity, and lower amounts of lactucin and lactone, which are believed to taint milk. It is also use for seeding deer wildlife plots.<ref name="Sparks" />
* 'Oasis':<ref name="Fiduccia">Peter J. Fiduccia {{google books|hmqCDwAAQBAJ|Rx for Deer Hunting Success: Time-Tested Tactics from the Deer Doctor|page=493}}</ref> was bred for increased lactone rates for the forage industry, and for higher resistance to fungal diseases such as ''[[Sclerotinia]]'' (mainly ''[[Sclerotinia minor|s. minor]]'' and ''[[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum|S. sclerotiorum]]''.<ref>Steven T. Koike, Peter Gladders and Albert Paulus {{google books|AF34pLQAHVoC|Vegetable Diseases: A Colour Handbook (2006)|page=394}}</ref>)
* 'Puna II': This variety is more winter-active than most others, which leads to greater persistence and longevity.<ref name="Sparks" />
* 'Grouse':<ref name="Sparks" /> A New Zealand variety, it is used as a planting companion for forage [[brassica]]s. More prone to early flowering than other varieties, it has higher crowns more susceptible to overbrowsing.
* 'Six Point': A United States variety, winter hardy and resistant to bolting.<ref name="Fiduccia" /> It is very similar to Puna.

Others varieties known include; 'Chico', 'Ceres Grouse', 'Good Hunt', 'El Nino' and 'Lacerta'.<ref name="Moore" />