Editing Cathode-ray tube (section)

====Magnetic deflection====
{{Main|Magnetic deflection}}
Those that use magnetic deflection may use a yoke that has two pairs of deflection coils; one pair for vertical, and another for horizontal deflection.<ref name="auto44">{{Cite patent |country=US |number=6686709 |url=https://www.freepatentsonline.com/6686709.html |title=Deflection yoke for a CRT}}</ref> The yoke can be bonded (be integral) or removable. Those that were bonded used glue<ref name="auto58">{{Cite patent |country=US |number=6100779A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6100779A/en |title=CRT deflection unit and its method of manufacture}}</ref> or a plastic<ref>{{Cite patent |country=US |number=4673906A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4673906A/en |title=CRT deflection yoke with rigidifying means}}</ref> to bond the yoke to the area between the neck and the funnel of the CRT while those with removable yokes are clamped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.curtpalme.com/Yoke.shtm|title=CRT Projector Yoke Adjustments|website=www.curtpalme.com}}</ref><ref name="auto48"/> The yoke generates heat whose removal is essential since the conductivity of glass goes up with increasing temperature, the glass needs to be insulating for the CRT to remain usable as a capacitor. The temperature of the glass below the yoke is thus checked during the design of a new yoke.<ref name="auto63"/> The yoke contains the deflection and convergence coils with a ferrite core to reduce loss of magnetic force<ref>{{Cite patent |country=US |number=6686709B2 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6686709B2/en |title=Deflection yoke for a CRT}}</ref><ref name="auto44"/> as well as the magnetized rings used to align or adjust the electron beams in color CRTs (The color purity and convergence rings, for example)<ref>{{Cite patent |country=US |number=7138755B2 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US7138755B2/en |title=Color picture tube apparatus having beam velocity modulation coils overlapping with convergence and purity unit and ring shaped ferrite core}}</ref> and monochrome CRTs.<ref>{{Cite patent |country=US |number=20010015612A1 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20010015612A1/en|title=Deflection yoke}}</ref><ref name="auto19">{{cite web |url=https://deramp.com/downloads/sd_systems/Motorola%20MD3573%20Monitor.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206104228/http://deramp.com/downloads/sd_systems/Motorola%20MD3573%20Monitor.pdf |archive-date=2019-02-06 |url-status=live |title=Service manual|website=deramp.com |access-date=2020-12-11}}</ref> The yoke may be connected using a connector, the order in which the deflection coils of the yoke are connected determines the orientation of the image displayed by the CRT.<ref name="auto15"/> The deflection coils may be held in place using polyurethane glue.<ref name="auto58"/>

The deflection coils are driven by sawtooth signals<ref>{{Cite patent |country=US |number=3725726A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3725726A/en|title=Crt geometry correction with zero offset}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent |country=US |number=6046538A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6046538A/en |title=Deflection yoke and yoke core used for the deflection yoke}}</ref><ref name="auto32"/> that may be delivered through VGA as horizontal and vertical sync signals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lslwww.epfl.ch/pages/teaching/cours_lsl/ca_es/VGA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031024072732/http://lslwww.epfl.ch/pages/teaching/cours_lsl/ca_es/VGA.pdf |archive-date=2003-10-24 |url-status=live |title=A VCA display courser |website=lslwww.epfl.ch |access-date=2020-12-11}}</ref> A CRT needs two deflection circuits: a horizontal and a vertical circuit, which are similar except that the horizontal circuit runs at a much higher frequency (a [[Horizontal scan rate]]) of 15–240&nbsp;kHz depending on the refresh rate of the CRT and the number of horizontal lines to be drawn (the vertical resolution of the CRT). The higher frequency makes it more susceptible to interference, so an automatic frequency control (AFC) circuit may be used to lock the phase of the horizontal deflection signal to that of a sync signal, to prevent the image from becoming distorted diagonally. The vertical frequency varies according to the refresh rate of the CRT. So a CRT with a 60&nbsp;Hz refresh rate has a vertical deflection circuit running at 60&nbsp;Hz. The horizontal and vertical deflection signals may be generated using two circuits that work differently; the horizontal deflection signal may be generated using a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) while the vertical signal may be generated using a triggered relaxation oscillator. In many TVs, the frequencies at which the deflection coils run is in part determined by the inductance value of the coils.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.repairfaq.org/samnew/tvfaq/tvdeflytst.htm|title=SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Deflection yoke testing|website=www.repairfaq.org}}</ref><ref name="auto32"/> CRTs had differing deflection angles; the higher the deflection angle, the shallower the CRT<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vintagetvsets.com/predicta.htm|title=Predicta Picture Tubes|website=www.vintagetvsets.com}}</ref> for a given screen size, but at the cost of more deflection power and lower optical performance.<ref name="auto63"/><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=http://www.r-type.org/timeline/time-124.htm|title=110 Degree Scanning Advert|website=www.r-type.org}}</ref>

Higher deflection power means more current<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2005-03-stmicroelectronics-unveils-worlds-vertical-deflection.html|title=STMicroelectronics Unveils the World's First Vertical Deflection Booster for Slim CRT Displays|website=phys.org}}</ref> is sent to the deflection coils to bend the electron beam at a higher angle,<ref name="auto4"/> which in turn may generate more heat or require electronics that can handle the increased power.<ref name="auto10"/> Heat is generated due to resistive and core losses.<ref name="auto99">{{Cite patent |country=US |number=4737752A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4737752A/en |title=Oscilloscope deflection yoke with heat dissipation means}}</ref> The deflection power is measured in mA per inch.<ref name="auto32"/> The vertical deflection coils may require ~24 volts while the horizontal deflection coils require ~120 volts to operate.

The deflection coils are driven by deflection amplifiers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wkXHE2NZO8C&q=15734Hz+crt&pg=PA287|title=The Technician's Radio Receiver Handbook: Wireless and Telecommunication Technology|isbn=9780080518596|last1=Carr|first1=Joseph|date=14 February 2001|publisher=Elsevier }}</ref> The horizontal deflection coils may also be driven in part by the horizontal output stage of a TV set. The stage contains a capacitor that is in series with the horizontal deflection coils that performs several functions, among them are: shaping the sawtooth deflection signal to match the curvature of the CRT and centering the image by preventing a DC bias from developing on the coil. At the beginning of retrace, the magnetic field of the coil collapses, causing the electron beam to return to the center of the screen, while at the same time the coil returns energy into capacitors, the energy of which is then used to force the electron beam to go to the left of the screen.<ref name="auto89"/>

Due to the high frequency at which the horizontal deflection coils operate, the energy in the deflection coils must be recycled to reduce heat dissipation. Recycling is done by transferring the energy in the deflection coils' magnetic field to a set of capacitors.<ref name="auto89">{{cite web |url=http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/reppic/horiz-tv.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040213034804/http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/reppic/horiz-tv.pdf |archive-date=2004-02-13 |url-status=live |title=Understanding The TV Horizontal Output Stage |website=www.repairfaq.org |access-date=2020-12-11}}</ref> The voltage on the horizontal deflection coils is negative when the electron beam is on the left side of the screen and positive when the electron beam is on the right side of the screen. The energy required for deflection is dependent on the energy of the electrons.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtJ5tNdlyYAC&q=crt+deflection+coil&pg=PA157|title = Radio-Frequency Electronics: Circuits and Applications|isbn = 9780521553568|last1 = Hagen|first1 = Jon B.|date = 13 November 1996| publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> Higher energy (voltage and/or current) electron beams need more energy to be deflected,<ref name="auto2"/> and are used to achieve higher image brightness.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF03167599.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724200714/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF03167599.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-24 |url-status=live |title=Data|journal=Journal of Digital Imaging |year=1990|doi=10.1007/BF03167599|pmid=2085547|access-date=2020-12-11|last1=Roehrig|first1=H.|last2=Blume|first2=H.|last3=Ji|first3=T. L.|last4=Browne|first4=M.|volume=3|issue=3|pages=134–45|s2cid=9805111}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent |country=US |number=2457175 |url=https://www.freepatentsonline.com/2457175.html |title=Projection cathode-ray tube}}</ref><ref name="auto36"/>