Editing Carolingian dynasty (section)

==== Charles Martel (714–741) ====

===== Rise to power =====
Following their victory, the Neustrians joined with [[Redbad, King of the Frisians|Radbod, King of the Frisians]] and invaded Austrasia, aiming towards the Meuse river to take the heartland of the faction's support.<ref name="Nelson-1960c" /> It is at this moment that Charles Martel is first mentioned in historical records, which note him surviving imprisonment by his step-mother, Plectrude. Charles managed to escape and mustered an Austrasian army to face the encroaching Radbod and the Neustrians. In 716, Charles finally met the Frisians as they approached and, although the ''AMP'' attempts equalize the losses, it is confirmed from the descriptions in the ''LHF'' and the ''Continuations'' that Charles was defeated with heavy losses.<ref name="Nelson-1960c" /><ref name="Paul-1996" /> Chilperic, Raganfred and, according to the ''Continuations'', Radbod, then travelled from Neustria through the forest of the [[Ardennes]] and raided around the river [[Rhine]] and [[Cologne]], taking treasure from Plectrude and her supporters. As they returned, Charles ambushed the returning party at the [[Battle of Amblève]] and was victorious, inflicting heavy losses on the Neustrian invaders.

In 717, Charles mustered his army again and marched on Neustria, taking the city of Verdun during his conquest.<ref name="Riché-1993c" /> He met Chilperic and Raganfred again at the [[Battle of Vincy|Battle of Vinchy]] on 21 March 717 and was once again victorious, forcing them back to [[Paris]]. He then swiftly returned to Austrasia and besieged Cologne, defeating Plectrude and reclaiming his father's wealth and treasure. Charles bolstered his position by installing the Merovingian king [[Chlothar IV]] in Austrasia as an opposing Merovingian to Chilperic II.<ref name="Paul-1996" /> Despite not having a Merovingian king for around 40 years in Austrasia, Charles' position was weak at this time and he required the support of the established Merovingians to gather military support.<ref name="Fouracre-1995b">{{Cite book|last=Fouracre|first=Paul|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|location=Cambridge|pages=88|chapter=Frankish Gaul of 814}}</ref> Despite his weaknesses, Charles' recent success had made him a greater political entity; as such, Chilperic and Raganfred could not win a decisive victory against him. So, in 718 they too sent embassies and won the support of [[Odo the Great|Duke Eudo of Aquitaine]] who, at their request, mustered 'a Gascon army' to face Charles. In response, Charles brought an army to the eastern Neustrian borders and faced Duke Eudo in battle at Soissons.<ref name="Fouracre-2000b" /> Duke Eudo, realising he was outmatched, retreated to Paris, where he took Chilperic and the royal treasury and left for [[Aquitaine]]. Charles pursued them, according to the ''Continuations'', as far as Orleans, but Eudo and the Neustrians managed to escape.<ref name="Nelson-1960c" /> In 718, King Chlothar IV died and was not replaced; instead, Charles became the primary authority in Francia. He established a peace treaty with Duke Eudo that ensured Chilperic II was returned to Francia; thereafter, until Chilperic's death in 720 at [[Noyon]], the kingship was restored with Carolingian control and Charles became the ''maior palatii'' in both Neustria and Austrasia.<ref name="Fouracre-1995b" /> Following Chilperic II's death, the Merovingian king [[Theuderic IV]], son of Dagobert III, was taken from [[Chelles Abbey]] and appointed by the Neustrians and Charles as the Frankish king.

===== Consolidation of power =====
With his ascension to the throne, several significant moments in Frankish history occurred. Firstly, the ''LHF'' ended, likely composed several years later in 727 and ended one of the several perspectives we have on Charles' ascension.<ref name="Gerberding-1987" /> Secondly, and more importantly, the Arnulfing predominance in the faction ended and the Carolingian (translating to 'sons of Charles') officially began.<ref name="Costambeys-2011"/>

Once the immediate dangers were dealt with, Charles then began to consolidate his position as sole mayor of the Frankish kingdom. The civil unrest between 714 and 721 had destroyed the continental political cohesion, and peripheral kingdoms like Aquitaine, [[Alamannia|Alemannia]], Burgundy and [[Bavaria]] had slipped from the Carolingian's grasp. Even though the faction had, by Charles Martel's time, established strong political control over Francia, loyalty to the Merovingian power within these border regions remained.<ref name="Costambeys-2011"/>

====== Ending the Civil War ======
Charles first set out to reinstate Carolingian dominance internally within Francia: the ''Continuations'' lists Charles' continuous maneuvers which solidified the campaigns generating the Carolingian military foundation. In 718, the ''AMP'' records that Charles fought against the Saxons, pushing them as far as the river [[Weser]]<ref name="Paul-1996" /> and following up with subsequent campaigns in 720 and 724 which secured the northern borders of Austrasia and Neustria.<ref name="Fouracre-1995b" /> He subdued his former enemy Raganfred at [[Angers]] in 724 and secured his patronage, removing the remaining political resistance that had continued to thrive in western Neustria.<ref name="Collins-2010a" />

====== East of the Rhine ======
In 725, Charles set out against the peripheral kingdoms, starting with Alemannia. The region had almost gained independence during the reign of Pippin II and under the leadership of [[Lantfrid]], Duke of Alemannia, as (710–730) they acted without Frankish authority, issuing law codes like the ''[[Lex Alamannorum]]'' without Carolingian consultation. As recorded in the Alemannia source,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goosman|first=F.C.W.|title=Memorable crises: Carolingian historiography and the making of Pippin's reign, 750–900|year=2013|location=Amsterdam|pages=223}}</ref> the ''[[Breviary of Erchanbert]]'', the Alemanni 'refused to obey the duces of the Franks because they were no longer able to serve the Merovingian kings. Therefore, each of them kept to himself.'<ref name="Wood-1994b" /> This statement was true for more than just Alemannia and, just like in those regions, Charles brutally forced them into submission. Charles was successful in his first campaign, but returned in 730, the same year that Duke Lantfrid died and was succeeded by his brother [[Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia]].<ref name="Fouracre-2000b" />

As successful as campaigning had been, Charles seemingly took inspiration from [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[missionary]] [[Saint Boniface]], who in 719 was sent by [[Pope Gregory II]] to convert Germany, in particular the areas of [[Thuringia]] and [[Hesse]], where he established the monasteries of [[Ohrdruf Priory|Ohrdruf]], [[Tauberbischofsheim]], [[Kitzingen]] and [[Ochsenfurt]]. Charles, realising the potential of establishing Carolingian-supportive episcopal centres, utilised [[Saint Pirmin]], an itinerant monk, to establish an ecclesiastical foundation on [[Reichenau Island]] in [[Lake Constance]]. He was expelled in 727 by Lantfrid and he retreated to [[Alsace]], where he established monasteries with the support of the [[Etichonids|Etichonid]] clan, who were Carolingian supporters. This relationship gave the Carolingians long-term benefit from Pirmin's future achievements, which brought abbeys in the eastern provinces into Carolingian favour.<ref name="Riché-1993c" />

In 725, Charles continued his conquest from Alemannia and invaded Bavaria. Like Alemannia, Bavaria had continued to gain independence under the rule of the Agilolfings clan who, in recent years, had increased links with [[Lombards|Lombardy]] and affirmed their own law codes, like the [[Lex Baiuvariorum]].<ref name="Wood-1994b" /> When Charles moved, the region was experiencing a power struggle between [[Grimoald of Bavaria]] and his nephew [[Hugbert of Bavaria|Hugbert]], but when Grimoald died in 725, Hugbert gained the position and Charles reaffirmed their support. The ''Continuations'' records that when Charles left Bavaria, he took hostages, one of which was [[Swanachild]], who later would become Charles' second wife.<ref name="Nelson-1960c" /> Paul Fouracre believes this marriage could have been intentionally forced, based upon the fact that Swanchild's heritage related her both to Alemannia and Bavaria. Not only would their marriage have allowed greater control over both regions, but it also would have cut the existing family ties that the Agilofings had to the Pippinid family branch. Plectrude's sister [[Regintrud]] was married to [[Theodo of Bavaria]], and this relation provided an opportunity for disenfranchised family members to defect.<ref name="Fouracre-2000b" />

====== Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence ======
Following his conquest east of the Rhine, Charles had the opportunity to assert his dominance over Aquitaine and began committing military resources and performing raids in 731.<ref name="Fouracre-1995a">{{Cite book|last=Fouracre|first=Paul|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|location=Cambridge|pages=88, 90|chapter=Frankish Gaul of 814}}</ref> However, before he could make any major movements, Aquitaine was invaded by [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] warlord [[Abd al-Rahman I]]. Following Abd al-Rahman's ascension in Spain in 731, another local Berber lord [[Munuza]] revolted, set himself up at [[Cerdanya]] and forged defensive alliances with the Franks and Aquitainians through a marriage to Eudo's daughter. Abd ar-Rahman then besieged Cerdanya and forced Munuza into retreat into France, at which point he continued his advance into Aquitaine, moving as far as Tours before he was met by Charles Martel. Carolingian sources attest that Duke Eudo begged Charles for assistance, but [[Ian N. Wood]] claims these embassies have been invented by later pro-Carolingian annalists. Eudo was a main protagonist in the [[Battle of Toulouse (721)]], which famously stopped Muslim lord [[Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani]]'s advances in [[Narbonne]] and gained Eudo praise in the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]''.<ref name="Wood-1994a">{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Ian|title=The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751|url=https://archive.org/details/merovingiankingd751wood|url-access=limited|publisher=Longman Publishing|year=1994|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/merovingiankingd751wood/page/n265 256], 260, 267, 275–276, 285}}</ref>

Charles met the Muslim force at the famous [[Battle of Poitiers (732)]] and came out victorious, killing Abd ar-Rahman. This moment cemented Charles Martel in historical records and gained him international praise. [[Bede]], writing at the same time in [[Jarrow]], [[England]], recorded the event in his ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]'', and his victory gained Charles Martel the admiration of seminal historian [[Edward Gibbon]] who considered him the Christian saviour of Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bede|author-link=Bede|title=A History of the English Church and People|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1968|series=Penguin Classics|location=London|pages=330|translator-last=Sherley-Price|translator-first=Leo|translator-link=Leo Sherley-Price|translator-last2=Latham|translator-first2=R. E.|translator-link2=R. E. Latham}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gibbon|first=Edward|title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|publisher=John Murray|year=1839|editor-last=Hilman|editor-first=H. H.|volume=X|location=London|pages=23–27}}</ref> Although his victory was considered famous, in reality his victory was far less impactful, and Charles would not gain much control in Aquitaine until Eudo's death in 735. The victory may have given the Carolingians relative local support that potentially allowed Charles to assert dominance over Eudo's son and successor [[Hunald of Aquitaine]], but records of continued hostilities in 736 only further cemented that relations were strained.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Roger|title=Charlemagne|publisher=MacMillan Press Ltd|year=1998|location=Basingstoke|pages=30}}</ref><ref name="Costambeys-2011"/>

With a stronger establishment in Aquitaine, Charles made moves to assert his dominance into Burgundy.<ref name="Collins-2010b">{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Roger|title=Early Medieval Europe 300–1000|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2010|edition=3rd|series=Palgrave History of Europe|location=London|pages=264, 266, 269}}</ref> The region, at least in the Northern areas, had remained controlled and allied with Frankish interest. Influential nobility like [[Savaric of Auxerre]], who had maintained near-autonomy and led military forces against Burgundian towns like [[Orléans]], [[Nevers]] and [[Troyes]], even dying whilst besieging [[Lyon]], were the key to Charles' support. As such, Charles made multiple attempts to both gain the faction's support and remove their authority. When Savaric died during Charles' early reign, he agreed to support Savaric's nephew [[Eucherius of Orléans|Bishop Eucherius of Orléans]]' claim to the bishopric. However, once Charles had established a powerful basis by 737, he exiled Eucherius, with the help of a man called Chrodobert, to the monastery of [[St Trond]].<ref name="Wood-1994a" /> Charles took further military action in the same year to fully assert his authority, and installed his sons [[Pepin the Short|Pippin]] and Remigius as magnates. This was followed by the installation of political supporters from Bavaria and local supporters like [[Theuderic of Autun]] and [[Adalhard of Chalon]].<ref name="Riché-1993c"/>

This acquisition of land in southern France was supported by the increased social chaos that seemingly developed during the Civil War years. This was most apparent in [[Provence]], where local magnates, like [[Abbo of Provence]], were incredibly supportive of Charles' attempts to reinstate Frankish power.<ref name="Fouracre-1995c">{{Cite book|last=Fouracre|first=Paul|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|location=Cambridge|pages=88–90|chapter=Frankish Gaul of 814}}</ref> In 739, he used his power in Burgundy and Aquitaine to lead an attack with his brother [[Childebrand I]] against Arab invaders and Duke [[Maurontus]], who had been claiming independence and allying himself with Muslim emir Abd ar-Rahman.<ref name="Fouracre-2000a">{{Cite book|last=Fouracre|first=Paul|title=The Age of Charles Martel|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=2000|location=Harlow|pages=28, 34–35, 37–40, 48, 60, 70, 96–97, 106, 108–109}}</ref> It is likely due to [[Childebrand's]] sponsorship of the manuscript that his involvement is so extensively recorded in the ''Continuations''.<ref name="Nelson-1960a">{{Cite book|title=The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its continuations|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd|year=1960|location=London|pages=32, 43, 50–52, 73–75, 87, 96, 102–103|translator-last=Wallace-Hadrill|translator-first=J. M.}}</ref> According to the manuscript, Childebrand and Charles noticed the Arab army, with Maurontus' welcome, entering [[Avignon]] and quickly moved against the alliance. They besieged the city and claimed victory; the Franks then made the decision to invade [[Septimania]], taking [[Narbonne]] and flanking the Arab army. The Franks then fought off a support army sent from Spain under [[Omar-ibn Chaled]] at the [[Berre (Aude)|River Berre]]. From there the Franks then pursued the retreating Arabs and ravaged the cities of [[Nîmes]], [[Agde]] and [[Béziers]] before returning to Francia. Later that year, Charles and Childebrand returned to Provence, likely collecting more forces, and then forcing the rebellious Maurontus into 'impenetrable rocky fastnesses out to sea.'<ref name="Nelson-1960a" /> [[Paul the Deacon]] later records in his ''[[History of the Lombards|Historia Langobardorum]]'' Maurontus received help from the Lombards, and his Arab allies then fled.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paul the Deacon|title=Historia Langobardorum|publisher=Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores|year=1829|editor-last=Pertz|editor-first=G.|volume=II|location=Hanover|pages=262–268}}</ref> At this time, Charles then assumed control of the region and, judging from Charter evidence, appointed Abbo of Provence as ''patricius'' (Patrician) in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Archibald R.|date=July 1976|title=The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751|journal=Speculum|volume=51|issue=3|pages=401|doi=10.2307/2851704|jstor=2851704|s2cid=162248053}}</ref>

===== Ruling Francia =====
Charles also ruled the Frankish realm, although the majority of his policies were centred upon his conquests and his military ventures. In 19th century historiography, historians like [[Heinrich Brunner]] even centred their arguments around Charles' necessity for military resources, in particular the development of mounted warrior or cavalry that would peak in the [[High Middle Ages]]. However, in modern historiography, historians like Pierre Riche and Paul Fouracre have discredited his ideas as too simplistic and have aimed to depict more realistic fragments of development that may or not have been interdependent.<ref name="Fouracre-2000c">{{Cite book|last=Fouracre|first=Paul|title=The Age of Charles Martel|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=2000|location=Harlow|pages=28, 34–35, 37–40, 48, 60, 70, 96–97, 106, 108–109, 121, 137–154}}</ref> This was the period in which the Carolingians first began to establish themselves as fully independent from the Merovingian royalty.

====== Vassalage and Church ======
Charles Martel has become notorious in historiography for his role in the development of the concept of [[feudalism]]. The debates are rooted in the arguments of historians like [[François-Louis Ganshof]], who viewed Charles' reign as the birth of the 'feudal' relationship between power and property. This results from the increased use of ''[[Precarium|precaria]]'' or temporary land grants by the Carolingians, who allocated and spread their power to their subordinates. Ganshof's arguments connect these ties to a military-tenure relationship; however, this is never represented in primary material, and instead is only implied, and likely derived from, an understanding of 'feudalism' in the High Middle Ages. Recent historians like Paul Fouracre have criticised Ganshof's review for being too simplistic, and in reality, even though these systems of vassalage did exist between lord and populace, they were not as standardised as older historiography has suggested. For example, Fouracre has drawn particular attention to the incentives that drew lords and warriors into the Carolingian armies, arguing that the primary draw was 'booty' and treasure gained from conquest rather than 'feudal' obligation.<ref name="Fouracre-2000c" />

Although Charles' reign is no longer considered transitional in its feudal developments, it is seen as a transitional period in the spread of the existing system of vassals and ''precaria'' land rights. Due to Charles' continued military and missionary work, the political systems that existed in the heartlands, Austrasia and Neustria, officially began to spread to the periphery.<ref name="Fouracre-2000c" /> Those whom Charles appointed as new nobility in these regions, often with lifetime tenures,<ref name="Collins-2010c">{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Roger|title=Early Medieval Europe 300–1000|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2010|edition=3rd|series=Palgrave History of Europe|location=London|pages=264, 266, 269, 271}}</ref> ensured that Carolingian loyalties and systems was maintained across the kingdoms. The Carolingians were also far more strict with their land rights and tenure than their Merovingian predecessors, carefully distributing their new land to new families temporarily, but maintaining their control. Merovingians kings weakened themselves by allocating too much of their royal domains to supporting factions; the Carolingians themselves seemingly became increasingly powerful due to their generosity. By giving away their land, the Merovingians allowed themselves to become figureheads and the 'do nothing kings' that Einhard prefaced in the ''Vita Karoli Magni''.<ref name="Riché-1993c"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Einhard|title=Two Lives of Charlemagne: Einhard and Notker the Stammerer|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2008|isbn=978-0-140-45505-2|location=London|pages=18–19|translator-last=Ganz|translator-first=David}}</ref>

Due to his vast military conquests, Charles often reallocated existing land settlements, including Church property, to new tenants. Ecclesiastical property and monasteries in the late Merovingian and Carolingian period were political centres and often closely related to the royal court;<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Jong|first=Mayke|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History|url=https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemedi00allm|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|editor-last=McKitterick|editor-first=Rosamond|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemedi00allm/page/n643 622]|chapter=Carolingian monasticism: the power of prayer}}</ref> as such they often became involved in political matters, which often overlapped with Charles' reallocation of land. This 'secularisation' of Church property caused serious tension between the [[Carolingian church]] and state, and often gave Charles a negative depiction in ecclastical sources. The reallocation of church land was not new by Charles' reign; Ian Wood has managed to identify the practice going back to the reigns of Dagobert I (629–639) and Clovis II (639–657).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=Ian|date=2013|title=Entrusting Western Europe to the Church, 400–750|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|volume=23|pages=60–61|doi=10.1017/S0080440113000030|jstor=23726102|s2cid=163341734}}</ref> The majority of the sources that depict Charles' involvement in Church land rights come from the 9th century, and are therefore less reliable, but two supposedly contemporary sources also identify this issue.<ref name="Fouracre-1995d">{{Cite book|last=Fouracre|first=Paul|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History|url=https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemedi00allm|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|editor-last=McKitterick|editor-first=Rosamond|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemedi00allm/page/n109 88]–90, 91|chapter=Frankish Gaul of 814}}</ref> The first, a letter sent by missionary Saint Boniface to Anglo-Saxon king [[Æthelbald of Mercia]], called Charles' a 'destroyer of many monasteries, and embezzler of Church revenues for his own use...', condemning him for his use of Church property. This is supported by the second source, the ''Contintuations'', which related that, in 733 in Burgundy, Charles split the [[Lyonnais]] between his followers, this likely including Church land.<ref name="Wood-1994d">{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Ian|title=The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751|url=https://archive.org/details/merovingiankingd751wood|url-access=limited|publisher=Longman Publishing|year=1994|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/merovingiankingd751wood/page/n265 256], 260, 267, 275–276, 280, 285, 287}}</ref> Further chronicles like the ''[[Gesta episcoporum Autissiodorensium]]'' and the ''[[Gesta sanctorum patrum Fontanellensis coenobii|Gesta Sanctorum Patrum Fontanellensis Coenobii]]'' recorded monasteries losing substantial land. The monastery at [[Auxerre]] was reduced to a hundred ''[[mansus]]'' by Pippin III's reign, and at the [[Abbey of Saint Wandrille]] under Abbot [[Teutsind]], who was appointed by Charles in 735/6, the Church's local property was reduced to a third its size.<ref name="Fouracre-2000c" /> Wood has also criticised this point and proven that the loss of land by the Church was in reality very small, the remaining land being simply leased as it went beyond the Church's capabilities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Ian|title=Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/propertypowerear00davi|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|editor-last=Fouracre|editor-first=Paul|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/propertypowerear00davi/page/n44 31]–52|chapter=Teutsind, Witlaic and the history of Merovingian precaria|isbn=9780521434195|editor-last2=Davies|editor-first2=Wendy}}</ref> Regardless, it is apparent that Charles' expansion of control consumed plenty of reallocated properties, many of which were ecclesiastical domains.

=====Interregnum, death and divisions=====
When King Theuderic IV died in 737, Charles did not install a Merovingian successor. Unlike his Carolingian predecessors, Charles was strong enough by the end of his reign to not rely on Merovingian loyalties. He had created his own power bloc through the vassals he installed in Frankish heartlands and peripheral states.<ref name="Fouracre-1995c"/> Even prior to Theuderic's death, Charles did act with complete sovereignty in Austrasia. It was only in areas like Neustria, where Carolingian opposition historically existed, that Charles knew he would face criticism if he usurped the throne.<ref name="Wood-1994c">{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Ian|title=The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751|url=https://archive.org/details/merovingiankingd751wood|url-access=limited|publisher=Longman Publishing|year=1994|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/merovingiankingd751wood/page/n265 256], 260, 267, 275–276, 285, 287}}</ref>

Therefore, until his death, Charles ruled as ''Princeps'' or First Man/First Citizen, officially gaining the title with his uncontested leadership with the acquisition of Provence in 737.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Roger|title=Charlemagne|publisher=MacMillan Press Ltd|year=1998|location=Basingstoke|pages=30|chapter=The Making of the Carolingian Dynasty}}</ref> This meant that the issue of kingship remained ever present for his successors who would have to work further to establish themselves as royal.

When Charles died in 741, he was buried at [[St Denis Abbey|St Denis]] in Paris. He made secure succession plans, likely learning from his father, that ensured Francia was effectively divided between his sons, [[Carloman (mayor of the palace)|Carloman]] and Pippin as ''maior palatii''. According to the ''Continuations'', the eldest son, Carloman, was given control of the eastern kingdoms in Austrasia, Alammania and Thuringia, while Pippin was given the western kingdoms in Burgundy, Neustria and Provence.<ref name="Nelson-1960b">{{Cite book|title=The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its continuations|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd|year=1960|location=London|pages=32, 43, 50–52, 73–75, 87, 96–97, 102–103|translator-last=Wallace-Hadrill|translator-first=J. M.}}</ref>