Editing Carmelites (section)

=== Modern history ===
[[File:Carmelites_choir.jpg|thumb|Carmelites of the ancient observance in choir (2020)]]
[[File:Ocarm ocd.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The General councils of Carmelites of the ancient observance (OCarm) and Discalced (OCD) Carmelites]]
Leaders of the Carmelite Order meet from time to time in General Congregation. The most recent General Congregation took place in [[Fátima, Portugal]] in September 2016.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ocarm.org/en/item/4601 | title=Major Events of the Order 2016}}</ref>
Since the 1430s, the Congregation of Mantua had continued to function in its little corner of Italy. It was only at the end of the 19th century that those following the reform of Tourraine (by this time known as the "strict observance") and the Mantuan Congregation were formally merged under one set of constitutions. The friars following Mantua conceded to Tourraine's Constitutions but insisted that the older form of the habit – namely their own – should be adopted. In a photograph of the period [[Titus Brandsma]] is shown in the habit of Tourraine as a [[novice]]; in all subsequent images he wears that of the newly styled ancient observance.

The [[French Revolution]] led to the suppression of the order, with the nuns dispersed into small groups who lived out of view in private houses. At the peak of the persecution, a Carmelite convent, now known as the [[Martyrs of Compiègne]], were executed by [[guillotine]].
After the end of the disturbances, the wealthy heiress [[Camille de Soyécourt]] who became later the Carmelite Thérèse-Camille de l'Enfant-Jésus did much to restore the Carmelite life in France.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://fr.aleteia.org/2023/05/08/camille-de-soyecourt-la-mademoiselle-de-trop-qui-restaura-le-carmel-en-france/ | title=Camille de Soyécourt, the 'Mademoiselle de trop' who restored Carmel in France | work=[[Aleteia]] | date=8 May 2023}}</ref>

The Napoleonic secularisation at the beginning of the 19th century in Germany was a strong blow to the Carmelites. After Napoleon had occupied large parts of the Rhineland, almost all monasteries were dissolved after 1806; the 16 houses of the Lower German Province disappeared.
<ref>[https://www.ocarm.org/en/item/2732  Carmelites – German Province]</ref><ref>[https://karmeliten.de/orte/marienthal/ Karmeliten – Orte]</ref>

By the last decades of the 19th century, there were approximately 200 Carmelite men throughout the world. At the beginning of the 20th century, however, new leadership and less political interference{{who|date=June 2012}} allowed a rebirth of the order. Existing provinces began re-founding provinces that had become defunct. The theological preparation of the Carmelites was strengthened, particularly with the foundation of St. Albert's College in [[Rome]].

By 2001, the membership had increased to approximately 2,100 men in 25 provinces, 700 enclosed nuns in 70 monasteries, and 13 affiliated Congregations and Institutes. In addition, the Third Order of lay Carmelites count 25,000–30,000 members throughout the world. Provinces exist in Australia, Brazil, Britain, Canada, Chile, Croatia, [[Hungary]], Germany, India, [[Indonesia]], Ireland, Italy, [[Malta]], the Netherlands, [[Poland]], Singapore, Spain, [[Portugal]] and the United States. Delegations directly under the Prior General exist in [[Argentina]], France, the [[Czech Republic]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Lebanon]], the [[Philippines]] and Portugal.

Carmelite Missions exist in [[Bolivia]], [[Burkino Faso]], [[Cameroon]], [[Colombia]], India, [[Kenya]], [[Lithuania]], Mexico, [[Mozambique]], [[Peru]], [[Romania]], [[Tanzania]], [[Trinidad]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Zimbabwe]].

Monasteries of [[Enclosed religious orders|enclosed]] Carmelite nuns exist in Brazil, Croatia, [[Denmark]], the Dominican Republic, [[Finland]], Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, [[Iceland]], Ireland, [[Stella Maris Monastery|Israel]], Italy, Kenya, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand (in [[Christchurch]] since 1933), [[Nicaragua]], [[Norway]], [[Peru]], the Philippines, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States. Hermit communities of either men or women exist in Brazil, France, Indonesia, Lebanon, Italy and the United States.

[[File:TitusBrandsma.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Titus Brandsma]].]]
The [[Discalced Carmelite]] Order built the priory of Elijah (1911) at the site of Elijah's epic contest with the prophets of Ba'al ([[1 Kings]] 18:20–40). The monastery is situated about 25 kilometers south of [[Haifa]] on the eastern side of the Carmel, and stands on the foundations of a series of earlier monasteries. The site is held sacred by Christians, [[Druze]], Jews and Muslims;<ref>{{cite book |title= Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-existence |first= Leonard |last= Hammer |year= 2009 |isbn= 9781135268121| page= 76 |publisher= Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Munro|first1=Dane|last2=Haddad|first2=Nour Fara|title=Peace Journeys: A New Direction in Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Research|year=2019|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781527543133|pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Druzes| first=Samy|last= Swayd|year= 2015| isbn= 9781442246171| page = 77|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=}}</ref> the name of the area is ''el-Muhraqa,'' an [[Arabic]] construction meaning "place of burning", and is a direct reference to the biblical account.

Several Carmelite saints have received significant attention in the 20th and 21st centuries. In 1970, Teresa of Avila became the first woman to be named a [[Doctor of the Church]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/28/archives/theresa-named-doctor-of-church-first-such-donor-for-woman.html| title=Theresa Named Doctor of Church, First Such Honor for Woman|last=Hofmann |first=Paul | work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 September 1970 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525161912/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/28/archives/theresa-named-doctor-of-church-first-such-donor-for-woman.html |archive-date= May 25, 2023 }}</ref> In 1997, [[Thérèse of Lisieux]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thereseoflisieux.org |website=thereseoflisieux.org |title="Saint Therese of Lisieux: A Gateway" Blog – Saint Therese of Lisieux}}</ref> became one of only four female Doctors of the Church,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/doctor-of-the-universal-church/ |title=Doctor of the Universal Church | last=O’Riordan | first=Maureen |work=Saint Therese of Lisieux |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231013081238/http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/doctor-of-the-universal-church/ |archive-date= Oct 13, 2023 }}</ref> so named because of her famous teaching on the "way of confidence and love" set forth in her best-selling memoir, ''Story of a Soul''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/writings/ |title=The Writings of St. Therese of Lisieux | last=O’Riordan | first=Maureen |work=Saint Therese of Lisieux |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205223231/http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/writings/ |archive-date=Feb 5, 2024 }}</ref> The [[Martyrs of Compiègne]], murdered during the French Revolution, inspired a 1931 novella followed by a play, an [[Dialogues of the Carmelites|opera]], and a [[Dialogue of the Carmelites|film]]. Notable 20th century Carmelites include [[Titus Brandsma]], a Dutch scholar and writer who was killed in [[Dachau concentration camp]] because of his stance against [[Nazism]]; Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (née [[Edith Stein]]), a Jewish convert to Catholicism who was imprisoned and murdered at [[Auschwitz]]; and [[Carmelite Martyrs of Guadalajara|three nuns of Guadalajara]] who were martyred on 24 July 1936 by Spanish Republicans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.carmelites.org.au/about-the-carmelites/carmelite-figures | title=Carmelite Figures | work=Carmelites |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240503185048/https://carmelites.org.au/about-the-carmelites/carmelite-figures |archive-date= May 3, 2024 }}</ref>

[[Raphael Kalinowski]] (1835–1907) was the first friar to be canonized in the order since co-founder [[John of the Cross]]. The writings and teachings of [[Brother Lawrence]] of the Resurrection, a Carmelite friar of the 17th century, continue as a spiritual classic under the title ''[[The Practice of the Presence of God]]''. Other non-religious (''i.e.,'' non-vowed monastic) great figures include [[George Preca]], a Maltese priest and Carmelite Tertiary. The Feast of All Carmelite Saints and Blesseds is celebrated on 14 November.<ref>{{cite web |title=All Carmelite Saints (Feast) |website= Carmelite Order |url=http://ocarm.org/en/content/liturgy/all-carmelite-saints-feast |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201205183904/https://ocarm.org/en/content/liturgy/all-carmelite-saints-feast |archive-date= Dec 5, 2020 }}</ref>