Editing Córdoba, Spain (section)

===Islamic===

==== Great Mosque of Córdoba ====
{{Main|Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba}}
[[File:Cathedral-Great Mosque of Cordoba - Andalucia - Spain - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba]]]]

From 784- 786 AD, Abd al-Rahman I built the Great Mosque of Córdoba, one of the most famous monuments of [[Moorish architecture|Western Islamic (Moorish) architecture]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jayyusi |first1=Salma Khadra |title=The legacy of Muslim Spain |year=1994 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-9004099548 |pages=129–135 |edition=2nd }}</ref><ref name="George">{{cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |title=Architecture of the Islamic world its history and social meaning; with a complete survey of key monuments |year=2011 |orig-year=1978 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=9780500278475 |page=212 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|pp=281–284}} and for centuries the third largest mosque in the world.{{sfn|Scales|1997|p=175}} It integrated aspects of [[Islamic architecture]] with some indigenous elements of [[Ancient Roman architecture|Roman]] and [[Visigothic art and architecture|Visigothic architecture]].<ref name=":2"/> Later Umayyad rulers expanded the mosque, adding a minaret and extending the prayer hall. A major 10th-century expansion resulted in the elaborate [[mihrab]] and other ornate embellishments seen today.<ref name=":2"/> After the Christian conquest of the city the mosque was converted to a cathedral. It underwent significant modifications in the 16th century but much of the original structure remains.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan M. |title=The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila S. |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195309911 |location=Oxford |chapter=Córdoba }}</ref> The building was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1984.<ref name=":1"/>

====Minaret of San Juan====
Built in 930 AD, the mosque that this minaret adorned has been replaced by a church and the minaret re-purposed as a tower. It retains characteristics of Islamic architecture in the region, including a double [[Horseshoe arch|horseshoe-arch]] windows.<ref name="George"/><ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIaEAgAAQBAJ&dq=minaret+san+juan+cordoba&pg=PA55 |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-134-61366-3 |pages=55 }}</ref>

==== Mills of the Guadalquivir ====
[[File:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-11-37.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Calahorra Tower|Tower of Calahorra]] to one side of the [[Roman Bridge of Córdoba|Roman Bridge]]]]
Along the banks of the Guadalquivir are the [[Mills of the Guadalquivir]], an array of [[watermill]]s from different periods that used the power of the water current to grind flour. They include the [[Albolafia]], [[Alegría watermill]], Carbonell, Casillas, Enmedio, Lope García, Martos, Pápalo, San Antonio, San Lorenzo and San Rafael mills.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.eldiario.es/andalucia/pasaporte/molinos-acompanan-Guadalquivir-siglos_0_320918032.html |title=Los eternos jornaleros del Guadalquivir |last=Reina |first=Carmen |date=11 November 2014 |newspaper=[[El Diario (Spain)|El Diario]] |access-date=23 March 2019 |language=es |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703032953/https://www.eldiario.es/andalucia/pasaporte/molinos-acompanan-Guadalquivir-siglos_0_320918032.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=February 2022}}

====Calahorra Tower====
The Calahorra is a fortified tower standing at the southern end of the city's Roman Bridge. Its original construction is attributed to the Almohad period.{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=326}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrucand |first1=Marianne |title=Moorish architecture in Andalusia |last2=Bednorz |first2=Achim |publisher=Taschen |year=1992 |isbn=3822896322 |page=137 }}</ref> It now houses the Al-Andalus Living Museum (''Museo Vivo de Al-Andalus''), a museum on the cultural achievements of Al-Andalus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Torre de la Calahorra {{!}} Córdoba, Spain Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/andalucia/cordoba/attractions/torre-de-la-calahorra/a/poi-sig/484250/360732 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=Lonely Planet |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215020108/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/andalucia/cordoba/attractions/torre-de-la-calahorra/a/poi-sig/484250/360732 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Calahorra Tower – Córdoba |url=https://www.artencordoba.com/en/calahorra-tower-cordoba/ |access-date=15 February 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215020110/https://www.artencordoba.com/en/calahorra-tower-cordoba/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Caliphal Baths====
{{Main|Caliphal Baths}}
Near the [[Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos]], on the site of the former [[Alcázar of the Caliphs (Córdoba)|Islamic-era Alcázar]], are the [[Caliphal Baths]], a partly-reconstructed [[Hammam|hammam (baths)]] complex created in the 10th century and subsequently expanded. The archeological site has been open as a museum since 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complex map – Baths of Caliphate Castle {{!}} Virtual Tour |url=https://banosdelalcazarcalifal.cordoba.es/index.php?id=2&lang=3 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=banosdelalcazarcalifal.cordoba.es }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Arab Baths of the Caliphal Alcázar of Córdoba – "Caliphal Baths" |url=https://www.artencordoba.com/en/arab-baths-caliphal-alcazar-cordoba/ |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926061334/https://www.artencordoba.com/en/arab-baths-caliphal-alcazar-cordoba/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Medina Azahara ====
{{Main|Madinat al-Zahra}}
On the outskirts of the city lies the archaeological site of Madinat al-Zahra, the 10th-century palace-city. It is another major example of Islamic architecture in Spain and has been undergoing excavation and reconstruction since 1911.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Felix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1 |title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780190624552 |location= |page=63 |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925033832/https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Islamic%20Palace%20Architecture%20in%20the%20Western%20Mediterranean&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>