Editing By-election (section)

==== Singapore ====
{{main|By-elections in Singapore}}

Under Article 49(1) of the [[Constitution of Singapore]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963?ProvIds=pr49-#pr49- | title=Constitution of the Republic of Singapore – Singapore Statutes Online }}</ref> a by-election should be called for any vacancy arising from a constituency—particularly [[Single Member Constituency]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PEA1954?ProvIds=pr24-#pr24- | title=Parliamentary Elections Act 1954 – Singapore Statutes Online }}</ref>—within a reasonable time period.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elitigation.sg/gd/s/2013_SGCA_39 | title=&#91;2013&#93; Sgca 39 }}</ref> Since the introduction of partial self-governance in 1955, 34 by-elections have been held, and some have been major upsets:
* In the [[1957 Cairnhill by-election]], the then-ruling [[Labour Front]] government saw its vote collapse to 19.23% from 47.58% in the [[1955 Singaporean general election|previous general election]].
* Each by-election in 1961 was important for the survival of the ruling party's small majority.
** After being dismissed as the [[Ministry of National Development (Singapore)|Minister for National Development]], [[Ong Eng Guan]] resigned his seat. Standing in the [[1961 Singaporean by-elections|1961 by-election in Hong Lim]] as an independent, he polled 73.31% of the vote, the largest loss of votes for an incumbent party in a by-election.
** The [[1961 Singaporean by-elections|1961 by-election in Anson]] saw a comeback by the opposition leader, the [[Workers' Party (Singapore)|Workers' Party]] Chairperson and former [[Chief Minister of Singapore|Chief Minister]], [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]].
* In the [[1981 Anson by-election]], the Workers' Party Secretary-General [[J. B. Jeyaretnam]] broke the ruling PAP's monopoly in Parliament, marking the first opposition presence since 1966 and the re-entry of the Workers' Party into Singapore's legislature since 1961.
* The [[2013 Punggol East by-election]] was the first time the [[People's Action Party]] lost a seat in a by-election since 1981 and the last time the ruling party failed to retain a constituency in a by-election.