Editing Broca's area (section)

==History==
In a study published in 2007, the preserved brains of both Leborgne and Lelong (patients of [[Paul_Broca|Broca]]) were reinspected using high-resolution volumetric [[MRI]]. The purpose of this study was to scan the brains in three dimensions and to identify the extent of both cortical and subcortical lesions in more detail. The study also sought to locate the exact site of the [[lesion]] in the frontal lobe in relation to what is now called Broca's area with the extent of subcortical involvement.<ref name="pmid17405763"/>

===Broca's patients===

====Louis Victor Leborgne (Tan)====

Leborgne was a patient of Broca's. At 30 years old, he was almost completely unable to produce any words or phrases.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/the-man-who-couldnt-speakand-how-he-revolutionized-psychology/|title=The man who couldn t speak and how he revolutionized psychology|last=Konnikova|first=Maria|work=Scientific American Blog Network|access-date=2017-05-03|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914204723/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/the-man-who-couldnt-speakand-how-he-revolutionized-psychology/|archive-date=2016-09-14}}</ref> He was able to repetitively produce only the word {{Lang|fr|temps}} (French word for "time"). After his death, a neurosyphilitic lesion was discovered on the surface of his left frontal lobe.

====Lelong====

Lelong was another patient of Broca's. He also exhibited reduced productive speech. He could only say five words, 'yes', 'no', 'three', 'always', and 'lelo' (a mispronunciation of his own name). A lesion within the lateral frontal lobe was discovered during Lelong's autopsy. Broca's previous patient, Leborgne, had a lesion in the same area of his frontal lobe. These two cases led Broca to believe that speech was localized to this particular area.<ref name="pmid17405763"/>

===MRI findings===

Examination of the brains of Broca's two historic patients with high-resolution [[MRI]] has produced several interesting findings. First, the MRI findings suggest that other areas besides Broca's area may also have contributed to the patients' reduced productive speech. This finding is significant because it has been found that, though [[lesions]] to Broca's area alone can possibly cause temporary speech disruption, they do not result in severe speech arrest. Therefore, there is a possibility that the [[aphasia]] denoted by Broca as an absence of productive speech also could have been influenced by the lesions in the other region.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} Another finding is that the region, which was once considered to be critical for speech by Broca, is not precisely the same region as what is now known as Broca's area. This study provides further evidence to support the claim that language and cognition are far more complicated than once thought and involve various networks of brain regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://memory.ucsf.edu/brain/language/anatomy|title=Anatomy of Speech & Language {{!}} UCSF Memory and Aging Center|website=memory.ucsf.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-05-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503173358/http://memory.ucsf.edu/brain/language/anatomy|archive-date=2017-05-03}}</ref>