Editing Brighton (section)

==Landmarks==
{{Main|Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove|List of landmarks and buildings of Brighton and Hove|Grade I listed buildings in Brighton and Hove|Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove}}
[[File:Brighton Pier at dusk.jpg|thumb|Palace Pier at dusk]]
[[File:Clock Tower Brighton 2016-06-05.jpeg|thumb|upright|The Clock Tower in central Brighton]]
The [[Royal Pavilion]], a Grade I [[listed building]],<ref>{{NHLE|num=1000205|desc=THE ROYAL PAVILION, BRIGHTON, The City of Brighton and Hove |access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref> is a former royal palace built as a home for the [[George IV|Prince Regent]] during the early 19th century, under the direction of the architect [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]]. It is notable for its [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] architecture and Oriental interior. Other Indo-Saracenic buildings in Brighton include the [[Sassoon Mausoleum]], now, with the bodies reburied elsewhere, in use as a chic supper club.

The first of Brighton's three piers was the Chain Pier, which was destroyed in a storm in 1896. All that remains of the pier are small lumps of wood and stone, which are only visible at low tide. It was primarily intended as a landing stage for [[packet boat]]s to [[Dieppe]], France, but it also featured a small number of attractions including a [[camera obscura]].

[[Brighton Palace Pier|Brighton Marine Palace and Pier]] (long known as the Palace Pier) opened in 1899, it was meant to be a replacement for the Chain Pier, but became a pleasure pier instead. It features a [[Fair|funfair]], restaurants and arcade halls.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Brighton Palace Pier |url=http://www.brightonpier.co.uk |publisher=Brighton Pier |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103192203/http://www.brightonpier.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[West Pier]] was built in 1866 and is one of only two Grade I listed piers in the United Kingdom; it has been closed since 1975. For some time it was under consideration for restoration, but two fires in 2003, and other setbacks, led to these plans being abandoned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwidewet.net/ |title=Pier Threatens To Unplug Rival |publisher=Worldwidewet.net |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121020704/http://www.worldwidewet.net/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, publicity material presented in question-and-answer form during the building of the [[British Airways i360|Brighton i360]] observation tower (see below) maintained that the building of the tower would not prove prejudicial to the eventual restoration of the pier.

The [[Brighton i360]], an observation tower located at the shore end of the West Pier, opened on 4 August 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/04/residents-say-brighton-sea-views-ruined-by-eyesore-i360-tower-se/ |title=Residents say Brighton sea views 'ruined' by 'eyesore' i360 tower set to open today |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |first=Helena |last=Horton |date=4 August 2016 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125173800/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/04/residents-say-brighton-sea-views-ruined-by-eyesore-i360-tower-se/ |url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|162|m|ft}} high, with a spacious glass viewing pod rising to {{cvt|138|m|ft}}, it is Britain's highest observation tower outside London – taller even than the [[London Eye]].<ref>{{cite web |title=How tall is Brighton i360? |url=http://britishairwaysi360.com/latest-news/faqs/tall-british-airways-i360/ |publisher=British Airways i360 |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003100852/http://britishairwaysi360.com/latest-news/faqs/tall-british-airways-i360/ |url-status=live}}</ref> With a diameter of {{cvt|12.7|ft|m}}, it is also the thinnest tower in the world, with a height-to-width ratio of 41.15 to one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2016 |title=City's i360 tower is world's thinnest |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-35593236 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[Clock Tower, Brighton|Brighton Clock Tower]], built in 1888 for [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Queen Victoria's jubilee]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Brighton Polytechnic. School of Architecture and Interior Design |title=A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton |year=1987 |publisher=McMillan Martin |location=Macclesfield |isbn=1-869865-03-0 |page=54}}</ref> stands at the intersection of Brighton's busiest thoroughfares.

[[Volk's Electric Railway]] runs along the inland edge of the beach from Palace Pier to [[Black Rock (Brighton and Hove)|Black Rock]] and [[Brighton Marina]]. It was created in 1883 and is the world's oldest operating [[Railway electrification system|electric railway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volkselectricrailway.co.uk |title=Home page of Volks Electric Railway Group |access-date=20 August 2007 |archive-date=25 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113042/http://www.volkselectricrailway.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Grand Brighton Hotel|Grand Hotel]] was built in 1864. The [[Brighton hotel bombing]] occurred there. Its nighttime blue lighting is particularly prominent along the foreshore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thevirginbackpacker.com/122/day-10-checking-out-southern-england-part-i.html |title=Blog post from The Virgin Backpacker |access-date=16 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219023526/http://www.thevirginbackpacker.com/122/day-10-checking-out-southern-england-part-i.html |archive-date=19 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Churches and other places of worship===
{{Further|List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove}}
[[File:Church Of St Nicholas Of Myra April 2018 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|St Nicholas Church, Brighton's original [[parish church]] (April 2018)]]
[[St Nicholas Church, Brighton|St Nicholas Church]] may be the oldest building in Brighton (the [[Domesday Book]] records the presence of an Anglo-Saxon church, valued at [[pound sterling|£]]12)<ref name="Salzman 1940">{{cite book |last=Salzman |year=1940 |pages=244–263 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/sussex/vol7/pp244-263 |title=The borough of Brighton |series=A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 7, the Rape of Lewes ed. L F Salzman |place=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513091940/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/sussex/vol7/pp244-263 |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> and is commonly known as "The Mother Church".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regencybrighton.com/outabout/st_nicholas/ |title=St. Nicholas Church – Out & About – Regency Square Area Society |access-date=11 April 2007 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620121409/http://regencybrighton.com/outabout/st_nicholas/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Other notable Anglican churches include the very tall (the highest church interior in Britain) brick-built [[St Bartholomew's Church, Brighton|St Bartholomew's]] (1874) designed by the architect Edmund Scott;<ref name=BRIGHT1>{{cite book |title=A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton |author1=Atkinson, Clive |author2=Matthews, David |author3=Savile, Andrew |author4=Tunna, Robert |author5=Weighill, Tim |author6=Macdonald, Ken |publisher=McMillan Martin Ltd |date=1990 |isbn=9781869865030 |pages=50–4G |chapter=Saint Bartholomew's Church – Anne Street – Description with dates and reference to the architect}}</ref> [[St Peter's Church, Brighton|St Peter's]] (1828); and [[St Martin's Church, Brighton|St Martin's]] (1875), noted for its ornate interior. Brighton's [[Quakers]] run the [[Brighton Friends Meeting House|Friends Meeting House]] in the Lanes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brighton Quaker Meeting House |url=https://www.visitbrighton.com/things-to-do/brighton-quaker-meeting-house-p350751 |website=visitbrighton.com |publisher=Visit Brighton |access-date=9 January 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727051652/https://www.visitbrighton.com/things-to-do/brighton-quaker-meeting-house-p350751 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is an active [[Brighton Unitarian Church|Unitarian community]] based in a Grade II listed building in New Road.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Our Venue |url=http://www.brightonunitarian.org.uk/about-our-venue.html |publisher=Brighton Unitarians |access-date=3 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220905/http://www.brightonunitarian.org.uk/about-our-venue.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Brighton has six listed Roman Catholic churches; [[St John the Baptist's Church, Brighton|St John the Baptist's Church]] (1835) in Kemptown is the earliest surviving Roman Catholic church in the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dale |first=Antony |title=Brighton Churches |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-415-00863-8 |page=186}}</ref>

Brighton and Hove has five synagogues: New Church Road Synagogue; Holland Road Synagogue; [[Brighton and Hove Progressive Synagogue]]; [[Brighton and Hove Reform Synagogue]]; and [[Middle Street Synagogue]]. The Middle Street Synagogue is a Grade II listed building built in 1874–75; it is being gradually restored by [[English Heritage]]. There are also several mosques<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brightonmosque.com/ |title=Al-Quds Mosque |publisher=Brightonmosque.com |access-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522214352/http://brightonmosque.com/ |archive-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}
:{{cite web |author=Al-Medinah Mosque |url=http://www.bhmf.org.uk/al-medinah-mosque-timetable |title=Al Medina mosque |website=bhmf.org.uk |access-date=10 May 2013 |archive-date=18 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818155844/http://www.bhmf.org.uk/al-medinah-mosque-timetable |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] centres.<ref>{{cite web |author=Welcome to the Brighton Buddhist Centre |url=http://www.brightonbuddhistcentre.co.uk/ |title=Brighton Buddhist Centre |publisher=Brighton Buddhist Centre |access-date=10 May 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502144853/http://www.brightonbuddhistcentre.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Beaches===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Brighton Beach, looking from Palace Pier eastwards, East Sussex, England 19June2018 arp.jpg
| caption1          = Brighton Beach, looking from the Palace Pier eastwards. The spiral tower is a Zip line ride (June 2018).
| image2            = Naturist Beach - geograph.org.uk - 1117450.jpg
| caption2          = Cliff Beach, Britain's first [[Nude beach|naturist beach]]
}}

Brighton has a {{cvt|5.4|mi|km|adj=on}} expanse of [[shingle beach]],<ref name="EncB43"/> part of the unbroken {{cvt|8|mi|km|adj=on}} section within the city limits.{{NoteTag|Until the extension of Brighton's boundaries to include Rottingdean and Saltdean in 1928, the coastline between the Hove and Rottingdean parish boundaries measured {{cvt|2.2|mi|km}}.<ref name="EncB43" />}} A flat sandy foreshore is exposed at low tide.<ref name="EncB43" /> The seafront is home to many restaurants, sports facilities, amusement arcades, nightclubs and bars.<ref name="BHCC-Seafront">{{cite web |title=The Seafront |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/seafront |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011170553/http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/seafront |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council}}</ref> At Black Rock, to the east of Brighton, a vegetated shingle wildlife habitat has been created. A 600m long boardwalk runs through the wildlife site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sarahjones |date=2022-04-14 |title=New vegetated shingle habitat at Black Rock |url=https://thelivingcoast.org.uk/new-vegetated-shingle-habitat-at-black-rock |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Living Coast |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=This is what the bizarre 'wave' design on Brighton seafront is |url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/19983171.bizarre-wave-design-brighton-seafront/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Argus |language=en}}</ref> The Palace Pier section of the beach has been awarded [[Blue Flag beach|blue flag status]].<ref name="BlueFlag">{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Palace Pier Beach (Brighton) |url=http://www.thebeachguide.co.uk/south-east-england/east-sussex/palace-pier-brighton.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011055436/http://www.thebeachguide.co.uk/south-east-england/east-sussex/palace-pier-brighton.htm |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |publisher=UK Beach Guide}}</ref>

The city council owns all the beaches, which are divided into named sections by [[groyne]]s—the first of which were completed in 1724. Eastwards from the Hove boundary, the names are Boundary, Norfolk, Bedford, Metropole, Grand (referring to the four hotels with those names), Centre, King's, Old Ship, Volk's, Albion, Palace Pier, Aquarium, Athina (where the [[MS Athina B|MS ''Athina B'']] ran aground), Paston, Banjo, Duke's, Cliff, Crescent and Black Rock. Cliff Beach is a [[Nude beach|nudist beach]].<ref name="visi_Brig">{{cite web |title=Brighton Naturist Beach |website=VisitBrighton |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |access-date=29 September 2015 |url=http://www.visitbrighton.com/things-to-do/brighton-naturist-beach-p628201 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930092306/http://www.visitbrighton.com/things-to-do/brighton-naturist-beach-p628201 |url-status=live}}</ref> Beyond Black Rock, the cliffs (part of the [[Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs]] [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]]) rise to more than {{cvt|100|ft|m}} and there are three small beaches at Ovingdean Gap, Rottingdean Gap and Saltdean Gap. All are connected by the Undercliff Walk,<ref name="EncB43"/> which has been affected by several cliff falls since 2000.<ref name="BHCC-Cliffs">{{cite web |title=The Cliffs between Black Rock and Saltdean |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/environment/coastal-defence/cliffs-between-black-rock-and-saltdean |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006000806/http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/environment/coastal-defence/cliffs-between-black-rock-and-saltdean |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Part of the beach adjoining Madeira Drive, to the east of the city centre, was redeveloped opened to the public in March 2007, with a playground, mini-golf, beach saunas and beach volleyball courts.

On the sea wall of Madeira Drive is Madeira Terrace, a Grade 2* listed, 865-metre-long stretch of seafront arches. The Terrace structure has degraded, deemed unsafe, and been closed to the public since 2014. The Terrace is being restored, with a number of plans submitted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madeira Terrace restoration |url=https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/madeira-terrace-restoration |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.brighton-hove.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> In front of the Terrace has been built a new national outdoor swimming centre, including a 50m swimming pool with an adjoining complex of shops, and bars.

Since the demolition in 1978 of the Black Rock open-air [[Lido (swimming pool)|lido]] at the eastern end of Brighton's seafront, the area has been developed and now features one of Europe's largest [[Brighton Marina|marinas]]. However, the site of the pool itself remains empty except for a skate park and graffiti wall. Since 2003 a series of developments have been proposed including housing, a [[Hotel rating|five-star hotel]] with a [[winter garden]], and an 11,000-seat sports arena.<ref name="NEB29">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=29.}}</ref>

===Liz Williams Butterfly Haven===
[[File:Small_Blue_butterfly_in_the_Liz_Williams_Butterfly_Haven.jpg|thumb|Small blue butterfly in the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven on a horseshoe vetch flower]]
The Liz Williams Butterfly haven ({{Gbmappingsmall|TQ 309 072}}) is a purpose-built area that has been created to attract and provide a habitat for butterflies. It is situated between [[Dorothy Stringer School|Dorothy Stringer]] and [[Varndean College]], north of Stringer Way. It was the brainchild of Dan Danahar with funding from the [[BBC]], in conjunction with the [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)|National Lottery]], through the Breathing Places scheme.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Dan |first=Danahar |title=The Dorothy Stringer High School Butterfly Haven |url=https://www.sussex-butterflies.org.uk/features/archives/2011-butterfly-haven.php |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=Butterfly Conservation - Sussex Branch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810050214/https://www.sussex-butterflies.org.uk/features/archives/2011-butterfly-haven.php |archive-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> This site was created between 2006 and 2007, and by September 2008 the late Liz Williams, botanist, had recorded 97 wildflower species and 10 species of grass. This was an order of magnitude increase in the floral diversity of the site within one year. As a tribute to her work, the site has been renamed the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven in 2011.<ref name=":1" /> Since its creation up to 2021 twenty-seven species of butterfly have been recorded here including [[Adonis blue]], [[chalkhill blue]], [[green hairstreak]], [[Dingy skipper|dingy]] and [[Carterocephalus palaemon|chequered skipper]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2021 |title=Butterflies as agents of change within a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve |url=https://www.earthoptimism.cambridgeconservation.org/stories-of-hope/saving-species/butterflies-as-agents-of-change/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=Earth Optimism: Cambridge Conservation Initiative |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305094406/https://www.earthoptimism.cambridgeconservation.org/stories-of-hope/saving-species/butterflies-as-agents-of-change/ |archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>

===The Woodvale Cemeteries===
{{main|Cemeteries and crematoria in Brighton and Hove}}
Woodvale ({{Gbmappingsmall|TQ 326 056}}) is actually five linked cemeteries that cover the western side of Race Hill. The cemeteries are east of [[Lewes Road, Brighton|Lewes Road]] and either side of Bear Road. Their cultural significance and importance to wildlife to the city were described evocatively by the Sussex field naturalist, [[David Bangs]] (p.&nbsp;303).<blockquote>"They are a profoundly peaceful place of little woods and glades, sunny banks and shady paths. They have become, in the last 150 years, reservoirs for much of the wildlife of the surrounding countryside. Some of the big [[beech]] trees down in Woodvale are as old as the cemeteries. The marbles, limestones, and granites of the memorials are a detective story for geologists. [[European green woodpecker|Yaffles]] call across the trees. The rare [[greater horseshoe bat]] has hibernated in the funerary buildings. [[Badger]]s pit the mossy turf in their search for earthworms, and violet and [[Celandine poppies|celandine]] cheer the turf in early spring."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bangs |first=Dave |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/701098669 |title=A freedom to roam Guide to the Brighton Downs : from Shoreham to Newhaven and Beeding to Lewes |date=2008 |publisher=David Bangs |isbn=978-0-9548638-1-4 |location=Brighton |oclc=701098669}}</ref></blockquote>

===Other landmarks===
Brighton is the home of the UK's first [[Walk of Fame]], which celebrates the many rich and famous people associated with the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkoffame.co.uk/#/brighton/4551372459 |title=WALK OF FAME |access-date=10 August 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427173934/http://www.walkoffame.co.uk/#/brighton/4551372459 |url-status=live}}</ref>