Editing Botanical garden (section)

==== Gardens and orangeries ====

{{further|Orangery}}

[[File:Kuskovo Orangery, Moscow, 1760s.jpg|thumb|[[Kuskovo|Kuskovo Orangery]] was designed by F. Argounov.]]

With the increase in [[maritime trade]], ever more plants were brought back to Europe as trophies from distant lands, and these were triumphantly displayed in the private estates of the wealthy, in commercial [[plant nursery|nurseries]], and in the public botanical gardens. Heated conservatories called "[[orangery|orangeries]]" became a feature of many botanical gardens.<ref name="Hill 1915 p200">{{Harvnb|Hill|1915|p=200}}</ref> 

[[File:Kew Gardens Palm House, London - July 2009.jpg|thumb|left |The [[Palm House, Kew]], built 1844–1848 by [[Richard Turner (iron-founder)|Richard Turner]] to [[Decimus Burton]]'s designs. [[Kew Gardens]], London, established 1759.]]

The [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] were founded in 1759, initially as part of the Royal Garden set aside as a physic garden. [[William Aiton]] (1741–1793), the first curator, was taught by garden chronicler [[Philip Miller]] of the Chelsea Physic Garden whose son Charles became first curator of the original [[Cambridge Botanic Garden]] (1762).<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|1915|p=205}}</ref> In 1759, the "Physick Garden" was planted, and by 1767, it was claimed that "the Exotick Garden is by far the richest in Europe".<ref>Bute in {{Harvnb|Drayton|2000|p=43}}</ref> Gardens such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1759) and [[:es:Jardín de Aclimatación de la Orotava|Orotava Acclimatization Garden]] {{in lang|es}}, [[Tenerife]] (1788) and the [[Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid]] (1755) were set up to cultivate new species returned from expeditions to the tropics; they also helped found new tropical botanical gardens. From the 1770s, following the example of the [[Kingdom of France|French]] and [[History of Spain (1700–1810)|Spanish]], amateur collectors were supplemented by official horticultural and botanical plant hunters.<ref>{{Harvnb|Drayton|2000|p=46}}</ref> These botanical gardens were boosted by the flora being sent back to Europe from various European [[Colonialism|colonies around the globe]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Drayton|2000|p=xi}}</ref>

[[File:Kew Palm House.JPG|thumb|upright|Inside the [[Palm House, Kew Gardens]] ]]

At this time, British horticulturalists were importing many [[woody plant]]s from [[British America|Britain's colonies in North America]], and the popularity of horticulture had increased enormously, encouraged by the horticultural and botanical collecting expeditions overseas fostered by the directorship of [[William Jackson Hooker|Sir William Jackson Hooker]] and his keen interest in [[economic botany]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Drayton|2000|pp=93–94}}</ref> At the end of the 18th century, Kew, under the directorship of Sir [[Joseph Banks]], enjoyed a golden age of plant hunting, sending out collectors to the [[Cape Colony|South African Cape]], [[History of Australia (1788-1850)|Australia]], [[Captaincy General of Chile|Chile]], [[Qing dynasty|China]], [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]], [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]], and elsewhere,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|1915|p=207}}</ref> and acting as "the great botanical exchange house of the [[British Empire]]".<ref>{{Harvnb|Drayton|2000|p=xiii}}</ref> From its earliest days to the present, Kew has in many ways exemplified botanic garden ideals, and is respected worldwide for the published work of its scientists, the education of horticultural students, its public programmes, and the scientific underpinning of its horticulture.<ref>See {{Harvnb|Desmond|2007}}</ref>

In 1728, [[John Bartram]] founded [[Bartram's Garden]] in [[Philadelphia]], one of the continent's first botanical gardens. The garden is now managed as a historical site that includes a few original and many modern specimens as well as extensive archives and restored historical farm buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa3900/pa3904/data/pa3904data.pdf |title=HALS No. PA-1, John Bartram House & Garden |date=2004 |website=Historic American Landscapes Survey |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043304/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa3900/pa3904/data/pa3904data.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=h3>{{harvnb|Huxley|1992|p=376}}</ref>