Editing Boeing AH-64 Apache (section)

===Israel===
[[File:Israeli AH-64D edited-01.jpg|thumb|IAF AH-64D "Saraph"]]

The [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) first received AH-64As in 1990,<ref name=Donald_p157>Donald 2004, p. 157.</ref> for a fleet of 42 by 2000.<ref name="Israeliapache1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/03/world/israeli-says-us-fears-endanger-major-purchase-of-apache-copters.html |title=Israeli Says U.S. Fears Endanger Major Purchase of Apache Copters |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=William A. |last=Orme |date=3 February 2000}}</ref> The IAF's choice to buy Apaches over upgrading its [[AH-1 Cobra]] attack helicopters was controversial.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99880525.html?dids=99880525:99880525&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+23%2C+1994&author=ALON+PINKAS&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=IAI+EXPERTS+CRITICIZE+AIR+FORCE+FOR+PREFERRING+APACHE+OVER+UPGRADED+COBRA&pqatl=google |title=IA Experts Criticize Air Force For Preferring Apache Over Upgraded Cobra |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=23 March 1994 |first=Alon |last=Pinkas |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025055625/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99880525.html?dids=99880525:99880525&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+23,+1994&author=ALON+PINKAS&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=IAI+EXPERTS+CRITICIZE+AIR+FORCE+FOR+PREFERRING+APACHE+OVER+UPGRADED+COBRA&pqatl=google |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2000, Israel was interested in acquiring up to 48 AH-64Ds, but U.S. reluctance to share the [[source code]] complicated the prospect.<ref name="Israeliapache1"/> In April 2005, Boeing delivered the IAF's first AH-64D.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2005-04-11-Israel-Accepts-First-AH-64D-Apache-Longbows |title=Israel Accepts First AH-64D Apache Longbows |publisher=Boeing |date=11 April 2005}}</ref> In 2001, the U.S. government was allegedly investigating misuse of the Apache and other U.S.-supplied military equipment against [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]].<ref>Powers 2002, pp. 11, 49.</ref> In 2009, the sale of six AH-64Ds was reportedly blocked by the Obama Administration, pending interagency review, over concerns they may pose a threat to civilian Palestinians in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rightsidenews.com/201001238339/editorial/qme-part-ii-us-arms-sales-to-the-arabs-and-will-there-be-help-for-israel.html |title=QME, Part II: U.S. Arms Sales to the Arabs, And Will There Be Help For Israel |publisher=Right Side News |first=Shoshana |last=Bryen |date=23 January 2010 |quote=Indeed, Israel's request for six AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopters was blocked by the Obama Administration in June-the same time the Egyptian sale was approved. U.S. sources reported that the request was undergoing an "interagency review to determine whether additional Longbow helicopters would threaten Palestinian civilians in the Gaza Strip". |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126101831/http://www.rightsidenews.com/201001238339/editorial/qme-part-ii-us-arms-sales-to-the-arabs-and-will-there-be-help-for-israel.html |archive-date=26 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/ss_israel0424_05_27.asp |title=Administration Blocks Helicopters for Israel due to Civilian Casualties in Gaza |website=World Tribune |date=27 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031939/http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/ss_israel0424_05_27.asp |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In IAF service, the AH-64A was named ''Peten'' ({{langx|he|פתן}}, for [[Cobra]]{{#tag:ref|Israel had already used "Tzefa" (צפע), Hebrew for ''[[Viperidae|Viper]]'' to name its [[Bell AH-1 Cobra#Israel|Bell AH-1 Cobra]]s.<ref>Donald 2004, p. 191.</ref> Donald 2004 states Peten translates to "Viper".<ref name=Donald_p157/>|group=N}}), while the AH-64D was named ''Saraph''<ref name=Donald_p157/> ({{langx|he|שרף}}, for venomous/fiery winged serpent).<ref name=Janes_dispute />

[[File:IAF AH-64.jpg|thumb|Israeli AH-64D]]
During the 1990s, Israeli AH-64As frequently attacked [[Hezbollah]] outposts in [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974997,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812175442/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974997,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2010 |title=Vengeance Is Mine |first=Jill |last=Smolowe |magazine=Time |date=2 March 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=44csAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ygwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6847,4109692&dq=apache+israel&hl=en |title=Thousands Flee Fleet, Fickle Missiles |first=Ron |last=Kampeas |website=Lakeland Ledger |date=25 July 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=rugVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2658,1417177&dq=apache+israel&hl=en |title=Three Killed in Hizbollah, Israeli Retaliatory Attacks |website=New Straits Times |date=24 December 1994}}</ref> On 13 April 1996, during [[Operation Grapes of Wrath]], an Apache [[Mansouri attack|fired two Hellfire missiles at an ambulance in Lebanon]], killing six civilians.<ref>Fisk 2005, pp. 773–788.</ref> During the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]] in the 2000s, AH-64s were used to kill senior [[Hamas]] figures, such as [[Ahmed Yassin]], [[Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi]], and [[Adnan al-Ghoul]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/18/israel |title=Israeli Missile Attack Kills New Hamas Chief |date=18 April 2004 |first=Conal |last=Urquhart |author2=Gaby Hinsliff |location=London|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1338432/Second-Israeli-rocket-attack-misses-target.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1338432/Second-Israeli-rocket-attack-misses-target.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Second Israeli Rocket Attack Misses Target |work=The Telegraph |first=Alan |last=Philps |date=24 August 2001 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] documented instances of IAF Apaches attacking civilian homes during the [[Battle of Jenin (2002)|2002 Jenin operation]], killing one civilian.<ref name=hrw2002>{{cite web|title=Israel, The Occupied West Bank And Gaza Strip, And The Palestinian Authority Territories, Jenin: IDF Military Operations|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502.pd|date=May 2002|volume=14|issue=3|pages=7, 46–47}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Consequently, HRW urged the US government to seek written assurances from Israel that Apaches would not be used to violate [[humanitarian law]] in the future.<ref name=hrw2002/>

In 2004, Israeli AH-64s<ref name=wapo/> carried out the [[Killing of Ahmed Yassin|assassination of Ahmed Yassin]] and also killed 7 bystanders.<ref name=wapo>{{cite news|title=Hamas Leader Killed in Gaza|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/03/22/hamas-leader-killed-in-gaza/71ba9c81-f4c5-4955-add0-212a0ca4a5b7/}}</ref> Ahmed Yassin was the spiritual leader of Hamas; given that he was also blind, paraplegic and in a [[wheelchair]], Palestinians saw the killing as "a cowardly execution of a frail old man in a wheelchair who did not attempt to hide".<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel makes a martyr of Yassin|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/23/wrap.rostaylor|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The attack also killed 7 bystanders, and was internationally condemned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/03/22/hamas.reaction/|title=Leaders condemn Yassin killing |date=March 22, 2004|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref>

IAF Apaches played a prominent role in the [[2006 Lebanon War]], launching strikes into Lebanon targeting Hezbollah forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article603007.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110604163441/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article603007.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2011 |title=Hezbollah's Hidden Stronghold Sends Death Across The Border |first=Nicholas |last=Blanford |work=The Times |location=UK |date=8 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,429358,00.html |title=Israeli's Puzzling Military Strategy |first=Siegesmund von |last=Ilsemann |website=Der Spiegel |date=31 July 2006}}</ref> IAF Apaches also attacked civilian targets, killing many, including women and children.<ref>Human Rights Watch (HRW), [https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/lebanon0907.pdf ''"Why They Died"''], Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War, September 2007, pp. 91, 102–103, 106, 127 ff.</ref> During this war, two AH-64As collided, killing one pilot and critically wounding three.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5201696.stm |title=Hezbollah Defies Israeli Pressure |work=BBC News |date=21 July 2006}}</ref> In another incident in the conflict, an IAF AH-64D crashed due to a main rotor malfunction, killing the two crew.<ref>{{cite web |last=Egozi |first=Arie |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2006/08/01/208214/israeli-air-power-falls-short-as-offensive-in-southern-lebanon-fails-to-halt-hezbollah-rocket.html |title=Israeli Air Power Falls Short As Offensive in Southern Lebanon Fails To Halt Hezbollah Rocket Attacks |website=FlightGlobal |date=1 August 2006}}</ref> In late 2007, the IAF put further purchases and deliveries of AH-64Ds on hold while its performance envelope was investigated.<ref name=Janes_dispute>{{cite web |last=Alon |first=Ben-David |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw071018_2_n.shtml |title=Performance Dispute Puts Israeli Apache Buy on Hold |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=18 October 2007}}</ref> Israeli officials praised the Apache for its role in [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Operation Cast Lead]] in 2008, against Hamas in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Arie |last=Egozi |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/27/323199/israel-seeks-more-apache-attack-helicopters.html |title=Israel seeks more Apache attack helicopters |website=FlightGlobal |date=27 February 2009}}</ref> IAF Apaches have often patrolled the skies over Gaza; strikes against insurgents by these helicopters has become a frequent occurrence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/israeli-choppers-blast-gaza-city-1.77884 |title=Israeli choppers blast Gaza City |publisher=oil.co.za |date=3 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.eastday.com/e/111106/u1a6189720.html |title=Israeli airstrike in Gaza kills one, wounds 2 |publisher=english.eastday.com |date=6 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302032749/http://english.eastday.com/e/111106/u1a6189720.html |archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euronews.com/2009/01/06/israel-expands-gaza-offensive/ |title=Israel expands Gaza offensive |publisher=euronews.com |date=6 January 2009 |access-date=8 September 2012 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503081751/http://euronews.com/2009/01/06/israel-expands-gaza-offensive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<!-- [[File:AH-64A (Israeli Air Force).jpg|thumb|left|IAF AH-64D during [[Gaza–Israel clashes (November 2018)|Gaza–Israel clashes]] in November 2018]] Not enough room and poor view on helicopter.-->
In the 2010s, the IAF pursued upgrades to its AH-64A fleet as new AH-64D orders had been blocked.<ref name="DID_AH-64A_upgrades">{{Cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/israel-debates-longbows-benefits-vs-costs-0332/ |title=Israel's AH-64A Attack Helos Get Custom Upgrades – Despite the USA |work=Defense Industry Daily|date=17 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321221708/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/israel-debates-longbows-benefits-vs-costs-0332/ |archive-date=2014-03-21}}<br />{{Cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/israel-debates-longbows-benefits-vs-costs-0332/ |title=Israel's AH-64A Attack Helos Get Custom Upgrades – Despite the USA [updated] |work=Defense Industry Daily|date=26 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104065658/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/israel-debates-longbows-benefits-vs-costs-0332/ |archive-date=2017-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/03/14/israel-upgrades-apache-helicopters-after-u-s-blocked-their-modernization/ |title=Israel Upgrades Apache Helicopters After US Blocked Their Modernization |work=World Tribune |date=14 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624025854/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/03/14/israel-upgrades-apache-helicopters-after-u-s-blocked-their-modernization/ |archive-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> In June 2010, Israel decided not to upgrade all AH-64As to AH-64Ds due to funding constraints and lack of U.S. cooperation.<ref name="DID_AH-64A_upgrades"/><ref>{{cite web |first=Arie |last=Egozi |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/06/30/343883/israel-ditches-apache-upgrade-plan-commits-to-ch-53k.html |title=Israel ditches Apache upgrade plan, commits to CH-53K |website=FlightGlobal |date=30 June 2010}}</ref> In December 2010, the IAF was examining the adoption of a new missile system as a cheaper and lightweight complement to the Hellfire missile, either the American Hydra 70 or the Canadian [[CRV7]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Yaajov |last=Katz |url=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=201665 |title=Rapid-fire rocket system aims to reduce civilian casualties |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=31 December 2010}}</ref> By 2013, IAF AH-64As were receiving a comprehensive upgrade of their avionics and electrical systems.<ref>Egozi, Arie [http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israeli-apache-upgrade-adds-avionics-pod-391501/ "Israeli Apache upgrade adds avionics pod."] ''FlightGlobal'', 8 October 2013.</ref> The AH-64As are being upgraded to the AH-64Ai configuration, which is near the AH-64D standard.<ref name="DID_AH-64A_upgrades"/> IAF Apaches can carry [[Spike (missile)|Spike]] anti-tank missiles instead of the Hellfire.<ref name="DID_AH-64A_upgrades"/><ref>{{cite web |first1=Shoshana |last1=Bryen |first2=Stephen |last2=Bryen |url=https://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/2016/11/17/israel-puts-spike-missile-apache-helicopters/ |title=Israel Puts the Spike Missile on its Apache Helicopters |work=Jewish Policy Center|date=17 November 2016}}</ref> The latest AH-64D-I integrates Israeli systems such as [[Elta Systems|Elta]] communications suite, [[Elbit]] mission management system, Rafael Combat Net system and [[Elisra]] self-protection suite.<ref name="airforcesmonthly.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.airforcesmonthly.com/2017/06/07/israel-shows-off-spike-on-apache/ |title=Israel shows off Spike on Apache – Air Forces Monthly |website=www.airforcesmonthly.com |access-date=23 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201050818/http://www.airforcesmonthly.com/2017/06/07/israel-shows-off-spike-on-apache/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

IAF AH-64s occasionally saw use in the [[air-to-air missile|air-to-air]] role. The first operational air-to-air kill took place on 24 May 2001, when an IAF shot down a Lebanese civilian [[Cessna 152]] aircraft. Israeli and Lebanese officials presented differing versions: Lebanon said Israel first intercepted the aircraft over Lebanese airspace and its pilot, flying without his instructor, mistakenly entered Israeli airspace, while Israel says the aircraft was already in Israeli airspace when it was intercepted and repeatedly refused to answer or comply with [[air traffic control]] (ATC) warnings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/05/24/israel.plane.02/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010715111916/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/05/24/israel.plane.02/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2001 |title=Israel shoots down Lebanese civilian plane |publisher=CNN }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Israel shoots down light aircraft|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/05/24/israel.plane/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040315112638/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/05/24/israel.plane/|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2004|agency=CNN|date=24 May 2001}}</ref> The second air-to-air kill occurred on 10 February 2018, after an Iranian [[unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] entered Israeli airspace from Syria, an AH-64 destroyed it with a missile.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0Jt_Vy4Mj0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/E0Jt_Vy4Mj0| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Iranian UAV Intercepted by an Israeli Helicopter |publisher=Israel Defense Forces |date=10 February 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>