Editing Bipolar disorder (section)

=== Differential diagnosis ===
Bipolar disorder is classified by the [[International Classification of Diseases]] as a [[mental disorder|mental]] and [[Abnormal behaviour|behavioural]] [[Disease#Disorder|disorder]].<ref>Drs; {{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf|title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines | vauthors =  Sartorius N, Henderson A, Strotzka H, Lipowski Z, Yu-cun S, You-xin X, Strömgren E, Glatzel J, Kühne G, Misès R, Soldatos C, Pull C, Giel R, Jegede R, Malt U, Nadzharov R, Smulevitch A, Hagberg B, Perris C, Scharfetter C, Clare A, Cooper J, Corbett J, Griffith Edwards J, Gelder M, Goldberg D, Gossop M, Graham P, Kendell R, Marks I, Russell G, Rutter M, Shepherd M, West D, Wing J, Wing L, Neki J, Benson F, Cantwell D, Guze S, Helzer J, Holzman P, Kleinman A, Kupfer D, Mezzich J, Spitzer R, Lokar J |author-link1=Norman Sartorius  |website=who.int [[World Health Organization]]|publisher=[[Microsoft Word]]|agency=bluebook.doc|pages=92, 97–99|access-date=June 23, 2021|url-status=live|via=[[Microsoft Bing]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041017011412/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf|archive-date=October 17, 2004}}</ref> Mental disorders that can have symptoms similar to those seen in bipolar disorder include [[schizophrenia]], major depressive disorder,<ref name="Baldessarini2013" /> attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and certain personality disorders, such as [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref name="Sood2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sood AB, Razdan A, Weller EB, Weller RA | title = How to differentiate bipolar disorder from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other common psychiatric disorders: A guide for clinicians | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 98–103 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15802085 | doi=10.1007/s11920-005-0005-8| s2cid = 32254230 }}</ref><ref name="Magill2004">{{cite journal | author = Magill CA | title = The boundary between borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder: Current concepts and challenges | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry| volume = 49 | issue = 8 | pages = 551–556 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15453104 | doi = 10.1177/070674370404900806 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Bassett2012">{{cite journal | author = Bassett D | title = Borderline personality disorder and bipolar affective disorder. Spectra or spectre? A review | journal = Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–339 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22508593 | doi = 10.1177/0004867411435289 | s2cid = 33811755 }}</ref> A key difference between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder is the nature of the mood swings; in contrast to the sustained changes to mood over days to weeks or longer, those of the latter condition (more accurately called [[emotional dysregulation]]) are sudden and often short-lived, and secondary to [[social stress]]ors.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Paris J |title=Bipolar II Disorder: Modelling, Measuring and Managing |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-1-107-60089-8 |pages=81–84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNcqJpOQ6aIC&pg=PA81 | editor=Parker G}}</ref>

Although there are no biological tests that are diagnostic of bipolar disorder,<ref name="Craddock2013" /> blood tests and/or imaging are carried out to investigate whether medical illnesses with clinical presentations similar to that of bipolar disorder are present before making a definitive diagnosis. Neurologic diseases such as [[multiple sclerosis]], complex [[partial seizure]]s, strokes, brain tumors, [[Wilson's disease]], [[traumatic brain injury]], [[Huntington's disease]], and complex [[migraine]]s can mimic features of bipolar disorder.<ref name="Price2012"/> An [[Electroencephalography|EEG]] may be used to exclude [[neurological disorder]]s such as [[epilepsy]], and a [[CT scan]] or [[MRI]] of the head may be used to exclude brain lesions.<ref name="Price2012" /> Additionally, disorders of the [[endocrine system]] such as [[hypothyroidism]], [[hyperthyroidism]], and [[Cushing's disease]] are in the differential as is the [[connective tissue disease]] [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]. Infectious causes of mania that may appear similar to bipolar mania include [[herpes encephalitis]], HIV, [[influenza]], or [[neurosyphilis]].<ref name="Price2012" /> Certain vitamin deficiencies such as [[pellagra]] ([[Niacin (nutrient)|niacin]] deficiency), [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency]], [[folate deficiency]], and [[Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome]] ([[thiamine deficiency]]) can also lead to mania.<ref name="Price2012"/> Common medications that can cause manic symptoms include antidepressants, [[prednisone]], [[Parkinson's disease]] medications, [[Levothyroxine|thyroid hormone]], stimulants (including [[cocaine]] and methamphetamine), and certain [[antibiotic]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peet M, Peters S | title = Drug-induced mania | journal = Drug Safety | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 146–153 | date = February 1995 | pmid = 7766338 | doi = 10.2165/00002018-199512020-00007 | s2cid = 1226279 }}</ref>