Editing Bipedalism (section)

==Limited bipedalism==
===Limited bipedalism in mammals===
Other mammals engage in limited, non-locomotory, bipedalism. A number of other animals, such as [[rat]]s, [[raccoon]]s, and [[beaver]]s will squat on their hindlegs to manipulate some objects but revert to four limbs when moving (the beaver will move bipedally if transporting wood for their [[Beavers#Dams|dams]], as will the raccoon when holding food). [[Bear]]s will fight in a bipedal stance to use their forelegs as weapons. A number of mammals will adopt a bipedal stance in specific situations such as for feeding or fighting. [[Ground squirrel]]s and [[meerkat]]s will stand on hind legs to survey their surroundings, but will not walk bipedally. [[Dog]]s (e.g. [[Faith (dog)|Faith]]) can stand or move on two legs if trained, or if birth defect or injury precludes [[quadruped]]alism. The [[gerenuk]] antelope stands on its hind legs while eating from trees, as did the extinct [[Megatherium|giant ground sloth]] and [[chalicothere]]s. The [[spotted skunk]] will [[Hand walking|walk on its front legs]] when threatened, rearing up on its front legs while facing the attacker so that its [[anal glands]], capable of spraying an offensive oil, face its attacker.

===Limited bipedalism in non-mammals (and non-birds)===
Bipedalism is unknown among the [[amphibian]]s. Among the non-[[archosaur]] [[reptile]]s bipedalism is rare, but it is found in the "reared-up" running of [[lizard]]s such as [[Agamidae|agamids]] and [[monitor lizard]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Many reptile species will also temporarily adopt bipedalism while fighting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wildlifetimes.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=601 |format=php |last=Sharma |first=Jayanth |title=The Story behind the Picture – Monitor Lizards Combat |date=2007-03-08 |access-date=2007-10-29 |publisher=Wildlife Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030202619/http://www.wildlifetimes.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=601| archive-date=2007-10-30}}</ref> One genus of [[Basiliscus (genus)|basilisk lizard]] can run bipedally across the surface of water for some distance. Among [[arthropod]]s, [[cockroach]]es are known to move bipedally at high speeds.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans |publisher=Ingentaconnect.com |date=2004-05-01 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00289.x |last1=Alexander |first1=R. McN. |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=204 |issue=5 |pages=321–330 |pmid=15198697 |pmc=1571302 }}</ref> Bipedalism is rarely found outside [[terrestrial animal]]s, though at least two species of [[octopus]] walk bipedally on the sea floor using two of their arms, allowing the remaining arms to be used to camouflage the octopus as a mat of algae or a floating coconut.<ref name="pmid15790846">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Huffard CL, Boneka F, Full RJ |title=Underwater bipedal locomotion by octopuses in disguise |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5717 |page=1927 |year=2005 |pmid=15790846 |doi=10.1126/science.1109616 |s2cid=21030132 }}</ref>