Editing Biome (section)

=== Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200 ===
{{Main|Global 200}}

[[File:Biomes_of_the_world.svg|thumb|upright 2
|<small>Terrestrial biomes of the world according to Olson & Dinerstein et al. and used by the WWF and Global 200.
{{Legend|#447821|01. [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]}}
{{Legend|#D4AA00|02. [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]]}}
{{Legend|#66FF00|03. [[Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests]]}}
{{Legend|#71C837|04. [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]]}}
{{Legend|#005500|05. [[Temperate coniferous forests]]}}
{{Legend|#2CA05A|06. [[Taiga|Taiga and Boreal forest]]}}
{{Legend|#FFDD55|07. [[Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]}}
{{Legend|#CDDE87|08. [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]}}
{{Legend|#80B3FF|09. [[Flooded grasslands and savannas]]}}
{{Legend|#C6AFE9|10. [[Montane grasslands and shrublands]]}}
{{Legend|#87DECD|11. [[Tundra]]}}
{{Legend|#C87137|12. [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub]]}}
{{Legend|#FFF6D5|13. [[Deserts and xeric shrublands]]}}
{{Legend|#D400AA|14. [[Mangrove forest|Mangroves]]}}
{{Legend|#ECECEC|[[w:fr:Zones terrestres abiotiques|Rock and Ice, or Abiotic Land Zones (French)]]}}
</small>
]]

A team of biologists convened by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) developed a scheme that divided the world's land area into [[biogeographic realm]]s (called "ecozones" in a BBC scheme), and these into [[ecoregion]]s (Olson & Dinerstein, 1998, etc.). Each ecoregion is characterized by a main biome (also called major habitat type).<ref name="Olson1998">Olson, D. M. & E. Dinerstein (1998). The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth's most biologically valuable ecoregions. ''Conservation Biol.'' 12:502–515, [http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/OlsonDinerstein1998.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001330/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/OlsonDinerstein1998.pdf|date=2016-10-07}}.</ref><ref name="Olson2001">Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., Kassem, K. R. (2001). Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. ''Bioscience'' 51(11):933–938, [http://wolfweb.unr.edu/~ldyer/classes/396/olsonetal.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917072415/http://wolfweb.unr.edu/~ldyer/classes/396/olsonetal.pdf|date=2012-09-17}}.</ref>

This classification is used to define the [[Global 200]] list of [[ecoregion]]s identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation.<ref name="Olson1998" />

For the [[terrestrial ecoregions]], there is a specific EcoID, format XXnnNN (XX is the [[biogeographic realm]], nn is the biome number, NN is the individual number).

==== [[Biogeographic realm]]s (terrestrial and freshwater) ====
[[File:Western palearctic biomes.svg|thumb|upright 2|<small>The western [[Palearctic realm|Palearctic terrestrial ecozone]] has 9 of the 14 biomes numbered by Olson & Dinerstein et al.
{{Legend|#71C837|04. [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]]}}
{{Legend|#005500|05. [[Temperate coniferous forests]]}}
{{Legend|#2CA05A|06. [[Taiga|Taiga and Boreal forest]]}}
{{Legend|#CDDE87|08. [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]}}
{{Legend|#80B3FF|09. [[Flooded grasslands and savannas]]}}
{{Legend|#C6AFE9|10. [[Montane grasslands and shrublands]]}}
{{Legend|#87DECD|11. [[Tundra]]}}
{{Legend|#C87137|12. [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub]]}}
{{Legend|#FFF6D5|13. [[Deserts and xeric shrublands]]}}
{{Legend|#ECECEC|Rock and Ice, or Abiotic Land Zones}}
</small>]]

{{Div col}}
* NA: [[Nearctic realm|Nearctic]]
* PA: [[Palearctic realm|Palearctic]]
* AT: [[Afrotropical realm|Afrotropic]]
* IM: [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalaya]]
* AA: [[Australasian realm|Australasia]]
* NT: [[Neotropical realm|Neotropic]]
* OC: [[Oceanian realm|Oceania]]
* AN: [[Antarctic realm|Antarctic]]<ref name="Olson2001" />
{{Div col end}}
The applicability of the realms scheme above – based on Udvardy (1975)—to most freshwater taxa is unresolved.<ref name="Abell">Abell, R., M. Thieme, C. Revenga, M. Bryer, M. Kottelat, N. Bogutskaya, B. Coad, N. Mandrak, S. Contreras-Balderas, W. Bussing, M. L. J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, G. R. Allen, P. Unmack, A. Naseka, R. Ng, N. Sindorf, J. Robertson, E. Armijo, J. Higgins, T. J. Heibel, E. Wikramanayake, D. Olson, H. L. Lopez, R. E. d. Reis, J. G. Lundberg, M. H. Sabaj Perez, and P. Petry. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. ''BioScience'' 58:403–414, [http://www.feow.org/downloads/Abell_et_al_08_BioScience.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006151241/http://www.feow.org/downloads/Abell_et_al_08_BioScience.pdf|date=2016-10-06}}.</ref>

==== Biogeographic realms ([[Marine ecoregion|marine]]) ====
{{Div col}}
* [[Arctic]]
* [[Temperate Northern Atlantic]]
* [[Temperate Northern Pacific]]
* [[Tropical Atlantic]]
* [[Western Indo-Pacific]]
* [[Central Indo-Pacific]]
* [[Eastern Indo-Pacific]]
* [[Tropical Eastern Pacific]]
* [[Temperate South America]]
* [[Temperate Southern Africa]]
* [[Temperate Australasia]]
* [[Southern Ocean]]<ref name="Spalding" >Spalding, M. D. et al. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. ''BioScience'' 57: 573–583, [http://algae.thu.edu.tw/lab/2013_Meeting_FebJune/2007_Marine_ecoregions_of_the_world.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104440/http://algae.thu.edu.tw/lab/2013_Meeting_FebJune/2007_Marine_ecoregions_of_the_world.pdf |date=2016-10-06 }}.</ref>
{{Div col end}}

==== Biomes (terrestrial) ====
# [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] (tropical and subtropical, humid)
# [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]] (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
# [[Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests]] (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
# [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]] (temperate, humid)
# [[Temperate coniferous forests]] (temperate, humid to semihumid)
# [[Taiga|Boreal forests/taiga]] (subarctic, humid)
# [[Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]] (tropical and subtropical, semiarid)
# [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]] (temperate, semiarid)
# [[Flooded grasslands and savannas]] (temperate to tropical, fresh or brackish water inundated)
# [[Montane grasslands and shrublands]] (alpine or montane climate)
# [[Tundra]] (Arctic)
# [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub]] or [[sclerophyll forest]]s (temperate warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall)
# [[Deserts and xeric shrublands]] (temperate to tropical, arid)
# [[Mangrove]] (subtropical and tropical, salt water inundated)<ref name="Olson2001" />

==== Biomes (freshwater) ====
According to the WWF, the following are classified as [[freshwater]] biomes:<ref>"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: Major Habitat Types" {{cite web |url=http://www.feow.org/mht.php |title=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |access-date=2008-05-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007024422/http://www.feow.org/mht.php |archive-date=2008-10-07}}</ref>
{{Div col}}
* Large [[lake]]s
* Large [[river deltas]]
* Polar [[freshwater]]s
* Montane [[freshwater]]s
* Temperate [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|coastal rivers]]
* Temperate floodplain rivers and [[wetland]]s
* Temperate [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|upland rivers]]
* Tropical and subtropical [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|coastal rivers]]
* Tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and [[wetland]]s
* Tropical and subtropical [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|upland rivers]]
* Xeric freshwaters and [[endorheic basin]]s
* [[Oceanic islands]]
{{Div col end}}

==== Biomes (marine) ====
Biomes of the coastal and [[continental shelf]] areas ([[neritic zone]]):
* Polar
* Temperate shelves and sea
* Temperate [[upwelling]]
* Tropical [[upwelling]]
* [[Coral reef|Tropical coral]]<ref>{{cite web|website=[[World Wide Fund]] |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/marine/item1266.html |title=Marine Ecoregions of the World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207101156/http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/marine/item1266.html |archive-date=2009-02-07}}</ref>

==== Summary of the scheme ====
* [[Biosphere]]
** [[Biogeographic realm]]s (terrestrial) (8)
*** [[Ecoregions]] (867), each characterized by a biome, a major habitat type (14)
**** [[Ecosystems]] ([[biotope]]s)
* [[Biosphere]]
** [[Biogeographic realm]]s (freshwater) (8)
*** [[Ecoregions]] (426), each characterized by a biome, a major habitat type (12)
**** [[Ecosystems]] (biotopes)
* [[Biosphere]]
** Biogeographic realms (marine) (12)
*** ([[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine provinces]]) (62)
**** [[Ecoregions]] (232), each characterized by a biome, a major habitat type (5)
***** [[Ecosystems]] (biotopes)

Example:
* [[Biosphere]]
** [[Biogeographic realm]]: [[Palearctic]]
*** [[Ecoregion]]: [[Dinaric Mountains mixed forests]] (PA0418); biome type: [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]]
**** [[Ecosystem]]: [[Orjen]], vegetation belt between 1,100 and 1,450 m, Oromediterranean zone, nemoral zone (temperate zone)
***** [[Biotope]]: ''Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae'' Fuk. ([[Dinaric calcareous block fir forest#Plant list|Plant list]])
****** Plant: Silver fir (''[[Abies alba]]'')