Editing Benzodiazepine (section)

=== Paradoxical effects ===
[[Paradoxical reactions]], such as increased seizures in epileptics,<ref name="Riss-2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S | title = Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics | journal = Acta Neurologica Scandinavica | volume = 118 | issue = 2 | pages = 69–86 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18384456 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x | s2cid = 24453988 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> [[aggression]], violence, [[impulsivity]], [[irritability]] and suicidal behavior sometimes occur.<ref name="Dodds_2017" /> These reactions have been explained as consequences of disinhibition and the subsequent loss of control over socially unacceptable behavior. Paradoxical reactions are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1% and similar to placebo.<ref name=pmid18922233>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saïas T, Gallarda T | title = [Paradoxical aggressive reactions to benzodiazepine use: a review] | language = fr | journal = L'Encéphale | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 330–336 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18922233 | doi = 10.1016/j.encep.2007.05.005 }}</ref><ref name=badar2002>{{cite journal |publisher=Paton C |title=Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review |journal=The Psychiatrist |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=460–462 |year=2002 |doi=10.1192/pb.26.12.460 |url=http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/26/12/460.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/26/12/460.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live | doi-access = free | title-link = doi | vauthors = Paton C }}</ref> However, they occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with [[borderline personality disorder]], children, and patients on high-dosage regimes.<ref name="Bond_1998">{{cite journal |publisher=Bond AJ |title=Drug-induced behavioural disinhibition: incidence, mechanisms and therapeutic implications |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=41–57 |year=1998 |doi=10.2165/00023210-199809010-00005 |s2cid=140765796 }}</ref><ref name="Drummer_2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Drummer OH | title = Benzodiazepines - Effects on Human Performance and Behavior | journal = Forensic Science Review | volume = 14 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 1–14 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 26256485 }}</ref> In these groups, [[impulse control]] problems are perhaps the most important risk factor for disinhibition; learning disabilities and neurological disorders are also significant risks. Most reports of disinhibition involve high doses of high-potency benzodiazepines.<ref name=badar2002 /> Paradoxical effects may also appear after chronic use of benzodiazepines.<ref name=cbpham>{{cite book |author=Ashton H |veditors=Ayers S, Baum A, McManus C, Newman S |title=Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine |edition=2nd |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87997-2 |pages=675–8 |chapter=Drug dependency: benzodiazepines }}</ref>