Editing Bashkirs (section)

==Genetics==

===Haplogroups===

====Maternal haplogroups====
[[File:Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA).PNG|thumb|300px|right|[[Haplogroup R1b]] is most common in Bashkirs and in Western Europe]]

====Paternal haplogroups====
Genetic studies on [[Y chromosome|Y-DNA haplogroups]] have revealed that the three dominant paternal haplogroups for Bashkir males are the [[haplogroup R1b]], [[haplogroup R1a]], and the [[Haplogroup N-M231|haplogroup N1c]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trofimova |first1=N. V. |last2=Litvinov |first2=S. S. |last3=Khusainova |first3=R. I. |last4=Penkin |first4=L. N. |last5=Akhmetova |first5=V. L. |last6=Akhatova |first6=F. S. |last7=Khusnutdinova |first7=E. K. |date=2015-01-01 |title=Genetic characterization of populations of the Volga-Ural region according to the variability of the Y-chromosome |journal=Russian Journal of Genetics |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=108–115 |doi=10.1134/S1022795414120138 |pmid=25857199 |issn=1608-3369}}</ref> Haplogroups [[Haplogroup C-M217|C-M217]], [[Haplogroup O-M175|O]], and [[Haplogroup D1|D1]], were found at lower frequencies among Bashkir males, and together make up roughly 11,5%.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1093/molbev/msr221|title = The Caucasus as an Asymmetric Semipermeable Barrier to Ancient Human Migrations|year = 2012|last1 = Yunusbayev|first1 = B.|last2 = Metspalu|first2 = M.|last3 = Jarve|first3 = M.|last4 = Kutuev|first4 = I.|last5 = Rootsi|first5 = S.|last6 = Metspalu|first6 = E.|last7 = Behar|first7 = D. M.|last8 = Varendi|first8 = K.|last9 = Sahakyan|first9 = H.|last10 = Khusainova|first10 = R.|last11 = Yepiskoposyan|first11 = L.|last12 = Khusnutdinova|first12 = E. K.|last13 = Underhill|first13 = P. A.|last14 = Kivisild|first14 = T.|last15 = Villems|first15 = R.|journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume = 29|pages = 359–365|pmid = 21917723}}</ref><ref name="lob">{{Cite web|url=http://ftp.anrb.ru/molgen/Lobov_AS.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816193639/http://ftp.anrb.ru/molgen/Lobov_AS.PDF|title=Лобов А. С. Структура генофонда субпопуляций башкир. Диссертация кандидата биологических наук. — Уфа, 2009.- 131 с.|archive-date=August 16, 2011|language=ru}}</ref> Near Eastern-associated haplogroups J2 and G2 make up roughly 8,5%.<ref name="lob" />

In some specific regions and clans of ethnic Bashkir, the North Asian and Eastern Siberian haplogroup (N3) range from moderate to high frequencies (29 to 90%).<ref name="lob"/>

Archaeogenetic analyses show a similarity between historical [[Hungarians]], whose homeland is around the [[Ural Mountains]], and Bashkirs; analysis of [[Haplogroup N-M231|haplogroup N]]3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade [N-B539/Y13850] splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000–5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of the proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (Bashkirs and Volga Tatars via N-B540/L1034 and N-B545/Y24365); these suggest that the Bashkirs are mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Post|first1=Helen|last2=Németh|first2=Endre|last3=Klima|first3=László|last4=Flores|first4=Rodrigo|last5=Fehér|first5=Tibor|last6=Türk|first6=Attila|last7=Székely|first7=Gábor|last8=Sahakyan|first8=Hovhannes|last9=Mondal|first9=Mayukh|last10=Montinaro|first10=Francesco|last11=Karmin|first11=Monika|date=24 May 2019|title=Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|page=7786|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44272-6|pmid=31127140|pmc=6534673|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7786P|issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

A genetic study published in ''Scientific Reports'' in November 2019 examined the remains of 29 [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin]]. The majority of them (60%) carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 40% of East Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to modern Bashkirs. [[Haplogroup I-M438#I2a-L621|Haplogroup I2a1a2b]] was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common among [[South Slavs]]. A wide variety of [[phenotype]]s were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, but also East Asian traits. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to the conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both European, Asian and Eurasian elements.<ref name="Neparaaczki20192">{{Cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Maróti |first2=Zoltán |display-authors=1 |date=November 12, 2019 |title=Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=9 |issue=16569 |page=16569 |bibcode=2019NatSR...916569N |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5 |pmc=6851379 |pmid=31719606 |ref={{harvid|Neparáczki et al.|2019}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fóthi |first1=Erzsébet |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Angéla |last3=Fehér |first3=Tibor |last4=Gugora |first4=Ariana |last5=Fóthi |first5=Ábel |last6=Biró |first6=Orsolya |last7=Keyser |first7=Christine |date=2020-01-14 |title=Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=31 |doi=10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0 |issn=1866-9565|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ArAnS..12...31F }}</ref> A group of Bashkirs from the [[Burzyansky District|Burzyansky]] and [[Abzelilovsky District|Abzelilovsky]] districts of the Republic of [[Bashkortostan]] in the [[Idel-Ural|Volga-Ural]] region who belong to the R1a subclade [[R1a-SUR51]] are the closest kin to the Hungarian [[Árpád dynasty]], from which they got separated 2000 years ago.<ref name="Nagy202">{{Citation |last1=Nagy |first1=P.L. |title=Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third |date=2020 |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=164–172 |doi=10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z |pmc=7809292 |pmid=32636469 |display-authors=etal |last2=Olasz |first2=J. |last3=Neparáczki |first3=E. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=R-SUR51 Y-DNA Haplogroup |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-SUR51/ |website=YFull}}</ref>

===Autosomal DNA===
According to Suslova, et al. (2012) the Bashkir population shared immune genes with both West and Eastern Eurasian populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suslova |first1=T. A. |last2=Burmistrova |first2=A. L. |last3=Chernova |first3=M. S. |last4=Khromova |first4=E. B. |last5=Lupar |first5=E. I. |last6=Timofeeva |first6=S. V. |last7=Devald |first7=I. V. |last8=Vavilov |first8=M. N. |last9=Darke |first9=C. |title=HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals): HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars |journal=International Journal of Immunogenetics |date=October 2012 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=394–408 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x |pmid=22520580 |s2cid=20804610 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Population structure of Turkic-speaking populations in the context of their geographic neighbors across Eurasia.PNG|thumb|Population structure of Turkic-speaking populations in the context of their geographic neighbors across Eurasia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yunusbayev |first1=Bayazit |last2=Metspalu |first2=Mait |last3=Metspalu |first3=Ene |last4=Valeev |first4=Albert |last5=Litvinov |first5=Sergei |last6=Valiev |first6=Ruslan |last7=Akhmetova |first7=Vita |last8=Balanovska |first8=Elena |last9=Balanovsky |first9=Oleg |last10=Turdikulova |first10=Shahlo |last11=Dalimova |first11=Dilbar |last12=Nymadawa |first12=Pagbajabyn |last13=Bahmanimehr |first13=Ardeshir |last14=Sahakyan |first14=Hovhannes |last15=Tambets |first15=Kristiina |date=2015-04-21 |title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia |journal=PLOS Genetics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e1005068 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=4405460 |pmid=25898006 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]

A genetic study by Yunusbayev et al. 2015 found that the Bashkirs display a significant amount of [[East Asians|East Asian]]-derived ancestry (c. 40%), of which roughly the half can be associated with Siberian ancestry maximized in modern-day [[Nganasan people|Nganasans]], and the other half with [[Ancient Northeast Asian]]s. The remainder of the Bashkirs ancestry was linked to West Eurasian, primarily European sources. The results point to admixture between local Indo-European-speakers, Uralic-speakers and Turkic-speakers. The admixture event dates to the 13th century, according to an analysis of the identical-by-descent segments. According to the authors, the admixture thus occurred after the presumed migrations of the ancestral [[Kipchaks]] from the Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yunusbayev|first1=Bayazit|last2=Metspalu|first2=Mait|last3=Metspalu|first3=Ene|last4=Valeev|first4=Albert|last5=Litvinov|first5=Sergei|last6=Valiev|first6=Ruslan|last7=Akhmetova|first7=Vita|last8=Balanovska|first8=Elena|last9=Balanovsky|first9=Oleg|last10=Turdikulova|first10=Shahlo|last11=Dalimova|first11=Dilbar|last12=Nymadawa|first12=Pagbajabyn|last13=Bahmanimehr|first13=Ardeshir|last14=Sahakyan|first14=Hovhannes|last15=Tambets|first15=Kristiina|last16=Fedorova|first16=Sardana|last17=Barashkov|first17=Nikolay|last18=Khidiyatova|first18=Irina|last19=Mihailov|first19=Evelin|last20=Khusainova|first20=Rita|last21=Damba|first21=Larisa|last22=Derenko|first22=Miroslava|last23=Malyarchuk|first23=Boris|last24=Osipova|first24=Ludmila|last25=Voevoda|first25=Mikhail|last26=Yepiskoposyan|first26=Levon|last27=Kivisild|first27=Toomas|last28=Khusnutdinova|first28=Elza|last29=Villems|first29=Richard|title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-speaking Nomads across Eurasia|journal=PLOS Genet|date=21 April 2015|volume=11|issue=4|pages=e1005068|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4405460|pmid=25898006 |doi-access=free }} "For example, the present-day Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Kyrgyz span from the Volga basin to the Tien-Shan Mountains in Central Asia, yet (Fig 5) showed evidence of recent admixture ranging from the 13th to the 14th centuries. These peoples speak Turkic languages of the Kipchak-Karluk branch and their admixture ages postdate the presumed migrations of the ancestral Kipchak Turks from the Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century [37]."</ref>

[[File:Turkic origin and expansion.png|thumb|The origin and later expansion of the Turkic peoples from Uchiyama et al. 2020 "the ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia, that is, close to the ultimate Proto-Mongolic homeland in Southern Manchuria and the ultimate Proto-Tungusic homeland in the present-day borderlands of China, Russia and North Korea. This hypothesis would explain the tight connections of Proto-Turkic with Proto-Mongolic and Proto-Tungusic, regardless of whether one interprets the numerous similarities between the three Altaic families as partly inherited or obtained owing to long-lasting contact."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uchiyama |first1=Junzo |last2=Gillam |first2=J. Christopher |last3=Savelyev |first3=Alexander |last4=Ning |first4=Chao |date=January 2020 |title=Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |language=en |volume=2 |pages=e16 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2020.11 |pmid=37588381 |pmc=10427466 |issn=2513-843X|hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-7733-A |hdl-access=free }}</ref>]]

A full genome study by Triska et al. 2017 found that the Bashkir genepool is best described as a multi-layered amalgamation of Turkic, Uralic, and Indo-European contributions. They further argue that "this disparity between cultural and genetic affinities of Tatar and Bashkir can be attributed to a phenomenon of cultural dominance: the population ancestral to Bashkir adopted the Turkic language during Turkic expansion from the east (language replacement event)".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Triska |first1=Petr |last2=Chekanov |first2=Nikolay |last3=Stepanov |first3=Vadim |last4=Khusnutdinova |first4=Elza K. |last5=Kumar |first5=Ganesh Prasad Arun |last6=Akhmetova |first6=Vita |last7=Babalyan |first7=Konstantin |last8=Boulygina |first8=Eugenia |last9=Kharkov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Gubina |first10=Marina |last11=Khidiyatova |first11=Irina |last12=Khitrinskaya |first12=Irina |last13=Khrameeva |first13=Ekaterina E. |last14=Khusainova |first14=Rita |last15=Konovalova |first15=Natalia |date=2017-12-28 |title=Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=110 |doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3 |issn=1471-2156 |pmc=5751809 |pmid=29297395 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A genetic analysis on genetic data of Hun, Avar and Magyar conqueror samples by Maroti et al. 2022, revealed high genetic affinity between Magyar conquerors and modern day Bashkirs. They can be modeled as ~50% [[Mansi people|Mansi-like]], ~35% [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian-like]], and ~15% [[Huns|Hun/Xiongnu-like]]. The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maróti |first1=Zoltán |last2=Neparáczki |first2=Endre |last3=Schütz |first3=Oszkár |last4=Maár |first4=Kitti |last5=Varga |first5=Gergely I. B. |last6=Kovács |first6=Bence |last7=Kalmár |first7=Tibor |last8=Nyerki |first8=Emil |last9=Nagy |first9=István |last10=Latinovics |first10=Dóra |last11=Tihanyi |first11=Balázs |last12=Marcsik |first12=Antónia |last13=Pálfi |first13=György |last14=Bernert |first14=Zsolt |last15=Gallina |first15=Zsolt |date=2022-07-11 |title=The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=13 |pages=2858–2870.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093 |pmid=35617951 |s2cid=246191357 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CBio...32E2858M }}</ref>