Editing Balhae (section)

====Liao dynasty====
The Balhae people played a pivotal role in the politics, literature, and society of northern China under the Liao and Jin dynasties. After the dissolution of Balhae by the Khitan empire, the term "Bohai" was used through the fourteenth century to denote a subset of the populations of the Liao, Jin, and [[Mongol Empire|Mongol empire]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jesse D |first1=Sloane |title=Mapping a Stateless Nation: "Bohai" Identity in the Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/611400 |journal=Journal of Song-Yuan Studies|year=2014 |volume=44 |pages=365–403 |doi=10.1353/sys.2014.0003 |s2cid=164130734 }}</ref> The Liao Eastern Capital (Dongjing, modern-day [[Liaoyang]], [[Liaoning]]) served as a base for monitoring the former Balhae territories. The city's residents, over 40,000 in early tenth century, were primarily Balhae, according to a figure cited by Pamela Crossley. [[Dae Inseon]] (Da Yinzhuan), the last Balhae king, and other members of the former royal lineage still held considerable authority in [[Dongdan Kingdom|Dongdan]] and the Eastern Capital after Balhae's fall. Some Balhae elites, on the other hand, were integrated into the Liao aristocracy and often changed their personal identities dramatically.<ref name="Crossley 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Crossley |first1=Pamela Kyle |title=Bohai/Parhae Identity and the Coherence of Dan gur under the Kitan/Liao Empire |journal=International Journal of Korean History |date=2016 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=11–44 |doi=10.22372/ijkh.2016.21.1.11|doi-access=free }}</ref>

According to Wittfogel and Feng, an undated Liao census puts the number of Balhae households in Liaoyang at around 100,000, which would be around half a million individuals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wittfogel |first1=Karl August |last2=Feng |first2=Chia-Sheng |title=History of Chinese Society: Liao |page=56 }}</ref>{{sfn|Sloane|2014|p=390}}

In the summer of 1029, a distant descendant of Balhae royalty, [[Da Yanlin]], rebelled at the Eastern Capital. He imprisoned minister Xiao Xiaoxian and his wife, killed the tax commissioners and chief military commander, and declared his own Xing Liao dynasty (興遼國/흥료국). He requested aid from Goryeo, who sent forces against Liao only to be repelled. Further ambassadors were sent by Xing Liao to Goryeo seeking aid but Goryeo refused to help them owing to the advice of nobles and scholars to the Goryeo king. Other Balhae people serving in the Liao military also refused to join Xing Liao. Four groups of ambassadors were sent but the last group remained in Goryeo rather than return. Instead only a handful of [[Jurchens]] joined his regime. Many participants of the rebellion probably realized the weakness of the new dynasty and fled to Goryeo before its collapse.{{sfn|Kim|2019|p=110}} A year later, one of Da Yanlin's officers betrayed him and opened the Eastern Capital's gates to the Khitans. His short lived dynasty came to an end. The old Balhae nobility were resettled near the Supreme Capital while others fled to Goryeo.{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=113-114}} In 1114, Balhae descendants took advantage of the Jurchen-Khitan war and rebelled. They defeated Khitan armies twice before they were destroyed.{{sfn|Kim|2011|p=287}} In 1116 another rebellion occurred at the Eastern Capital when a Balhae officer named Gao Yongchang declared himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty and requested aid from the Jin. Liao troops sent to quash the rebellion were themselves led by those of Balhae descent.{{sfn|Sloane|2014|p=370}} The Jin relief troops to Yuan easily repulsed the Liao troops but then turned on the Balhae rebels and killed Gao Yongchang.{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=143-144}}

The distinction between Balhae and Jurchen rebellions was not always clear to the Liao. In the 1117 epitaph of an officer who died while fighting against Jurchens in 1114, the Balhae and Jurchens were mentioned in connection to each other and placed within a similar category.{{sfn|Sloane|2014|p=372}}