Editing BDSM (section)

=== Prevalence ===
[[File:Man flogged at xxxotica.jpg|thumb|[[Flogging]] of a bound man by a [[dominatrix]] at the [[Exxxotica]] adult event at the [[Jersey Shore]], [[New Jersey]], U.S.]]
[[File:David Shankbone interviews two dominatices about strange client requests.ogg|thumb|Two professional dominatrices interviewed by David Shankbone about the psychological aspects of some of their stranger requests<ref>[[n:BDSM as business: Interviews with Dominatrixes]]—full transcript.</ref>]]
BDSM occurs among people of all genders and sexual orientations, and in varied occurrences and intensities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Ashley |last2=Barker |first2=Edward D. |last3=Rahman |first3=Qazi |date=2020 |title=A Systematic Scoping Review of the Prevalence, Etiological, Psychological, and Interpersonal Factors Associated with BDSM |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=781–811 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2019.1665619 |pmid=31617765 |s2cid=204740964 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>Breslow et al. ''On the Prevalence and Roles of Females in the Sadomasochistic Subculture: Report of an Empirical Study''. Archives of Sexual Behavior 14/1985, P. 303–17. In Thomas S. Weinberg: ''S&M: Studies in Dominance and Submission'', (ed.), Prometheus Books, New York, 1995 {{ISBN|978-0-87975-978-0}}</ref><ref>[[Gloria Brame|Gloria G. Brame]], [http://www.gloria-brame.com/therapy/kinkoverview.html BDSM/Fetish Sex: Overview and Study] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221063236/http://www.gloria-brame.com/therapy/kinkoverview.html |date=21 December 2007 }}. Retrieved on 9 November 2008.</ref> The spectrum ranges from couples with no connections to the subculture outside of their bedrooms or homes, without any awareness of the concept of BDSM, playing "tie-me-up-games", to public scenes on [[Saint Andrew's Cross (BDSM)|St. Andrew's crosses]] at large events such as the [[Folsom Street Fair]] in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]]. Estimation on the overall percentage of BDSM-related sexual behaviour varies.<ref name="a3" >{{cite journal | last1 = Kolmes | first1 = K. | last2 = Stock | first2 = W. | last3 = Moser | first3 = C. | year = 2006 | title = Investigating bias in psychotherapy with BDSM clients | journal = Journal of Homosexuality | volume = 50 | issue = #2–3| pages = 301–324 | doi=10.1300/j082v50n02_15| pmid = 16803769 | s2cid = 21097726 }}</ref>

[[Alfred Kinsey]] stated in his 1953 nonfiction book ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Female'' that 12% of females and 22% of males reported having an erotic response to a sadomasochistic story.<ref name="sbhf677">''Sexual Behavior in the Human Female'', pp. 677-678</ref> In that book erotic responses to being bitten were given as:<ref name="sbhf677"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="border-bottom:2px solid black;"
! Erotic responses
! By females
! By males
|-
! Definite and/or frequent
| 26%
| 26%
|-
! Some response
| 29%
| 24%
|-
! Never
| 45%
| 50%
|- style="border-top:2px solid black;"
|+
! Number of cases
| 2200
| 567
|}

A non-representative survey on the sexual behaviour of American students published in 1997 and based on questionnaires had a response rate of about 8–9%. Its results showed 15% of homosexual and bisexual males, 21% of lesbian and female bisexual students, 11% of heterosexual males and 9% of female heterosexual students committed to BDSM related fantasies.<ref name="elliott" /> In all groups the level of practical BDSM experiences were around 6%. Within the group of openly lesbian and bisexual females, the quote was significantly higher, at 21%. Independent of their sexual orientation, about 12% of all questioned students, 16% of lesbians and female bisexuals and 8% of heterosexual males articulated an interest in spanking. Experience with this sexual behaviour was indicated by 30% of male heterosexuals, 33% of female bisexuals and lesbians, and 24% of the male gay and bisexual men and female heterosexual women.<ref name="elliott" /> Even though this study was not considered representative, other surveys indicate similar dimensions in differing target groups.<ref>Brokmann, Angela: ''Macht und Erotik'', 1996, Sexologisches Institut e. V. Hamburg, Hamburg (German)</ref><ref>Person, Ethel S. / Terestman, Nettie / Myers, Wayne A. / Goldberg, Eugene L. / Salvadori, Carol: "Gender differences in sexual behaviors and fantasies in a college population", 1989, in: ''Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy'', Bd. 15, No. 3, 1989, P. 187–198</ref><ref>Breslow, Norman: ''[https://archive.today/20120918113125/http://www.sexuality.org/l/nb/nbres.html SM Research Report, v1.1]'', 1999</ref>

A representative study done from 2001 to 2002 in Australia found that 1.8% of sexually active people (2.2% men, 1.3% women but no significant sex difference) had engaged in BDSM activity in the previous year. Of the entire sample, 1.8% of men and 1.3% of women had been involved in BDSM. BDSM activity was significantly more likely among bisexuals and homosexuals of both sexes. But among men in general, there was no relationship effect of age, education, language spoken at home or relationship status. Among women, in this study, activity was most common for those between 16 and 19 years of age and least likely for females over 50 years. Activity was also significantly more likely for women who had a regular partner they did not live with, but was not significantly related with speaking a language other than English or education.<ref name="a2" />

Another representative study, published in 1999 by the German Institut für rationale Psychologie, found that about 2/3 of the interviewed women stated a desire to be at the mercy of their sexual partners from time to time. 69% admitted to fantasies dealing with sexual submissiveness, 42% stated interest in explicit BDSM techniques, 25% in bondage.<ref>Arne Hoffmann, ''Lexikon der Tabubrüche'', Schwarzkopf&Schwarzkopf, 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-89602-517-3}} (German)</ref> A 1976 study in the general US population suggests three per cent have had positive experiences with Bondage or master-slave roleplaying. Overall 12% of the interviewed females and 18% of the males were willing to try it.<ref>"What's Really Happening on Campus", ''Playboy'' October 1976, S. 128–131, 160–164, 169. (see Charles Moser / Eugene E. Levitt: "An Exploratory-Descriptive Study of a Sadomasochistically Oriented Sample", in ''Journal of Sex Research'', Vol. 23, 1987, P. 322-337.)</ref><ref>Thomas S. Weinberg (Ed.): ''S&M: Studies in Dominance and Submission'', Prometheus Books, New York 1995, {{ISBN|978-0-87975-978-0}}</ref> A 1990 [[Kinsey Institute]] report stated that 5% to 10% of Americans occasionally engage in sexual activities related to BDSM, 11% of men and 17% of women reported trying bondage.<ref>Walter Lowe: ''The Playboy Readers' Sex Survey''. 1983.</ref><ref>Based on the 1983 "Playboy Readers Sex Survey" by Walter Lowe. [http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/resources/FAQ.html#bdsm kinseyinstitute.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420205301/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/resources/FAQ.html#bdsm |date=20 April 2012 }}</ref> Some elements of BDSM have been popularized through increased media coverage since the middle 1990s. Thus both black leather clothing, sexual jewelry such as chains and dominance roleplay appear increasingly outside of BDSM contexts.

According to yet another survey of 317,000 people in 41 countries, about 20% of the surveyed have at least used masks, blindfolds or other bondage utilities once, and 5% explicitly connected themselves with BDSM.<ref name="Durex">Durex Global Sex Survey 2005, P.15 Online [http://www.durex.com/cm/gss2005results.asp Durex Global Sex Survey 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315002702/http://www.durex.com/cm/gss2005results.asp |date=15 March 2009 }}</ref> In 2004, 19% mentioned spanking as one of their practices and 22% confirmed the use of blindfolds or handcuffs.<ref name="Durex"/>

A 1985 study found 52 out of 182 female respondents (28%) were involved in sadomasochistic activities.<ref>Breslow, N., Evans, L., and Langley, J. (1985). "On the prevalence and roles of females in the sadomasochistic subculture: Report Of an empirical study". Arch. Sex. Behav. 14: 303-317.</ref>

;Recent surveys
A 2009 study on two separate samples of male undergraduate students in [[Canada]] found that 62 to 65%, depending on the sample, had entertained sadistic fantasies, and 22 to 39% engaged in sadistic behaviours during sex. The figures were 62 and 52% for bondage fantasies, and 14 to 23% for bondage behaviours.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Inferring Sexually Deviant Behavior From Corresponding Fantasies|year=2009|author1=Kevin M. Williams |author2=Barry S. Cooper |author3=Teresa M. Howell |author4=John C. Yuille |author5=Delroy L. Paulhus |s2cid=33364099|journal=Criminal Justice and Behavior|issue=#2|volume=36|pages=198–222|doi=10.1177/0093854808327277}}</ref> A 2014 study involving a mixed sample of Canadian college students and online volunteers, both male and female, reported that 19% of male samples and 10% of female samples rated the sadistic scenarios described in a questionnaire as being at least "slightly arousing" on a scale that ranged from "very repulsive" to "very arousing";<ref name=dawson>{{cite journal |title=Paraphilic Interests: An Examination of Sex Differences in a Nonclinical Sample|year=2014|author1=Samantha J. Dawson |author2=Brittany A. Bannerman |author3=Martin L. Lalumière |s2cid=541989|name-list-style=amp |journal=Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment|volume=28|issue=#1|pages=1–26|doi=10.1177/1079063214525645|pmid=24633420}}</ref> the difference was statistically significant.<ref name=dawson /> The corresponding figures for the masochistic scenarios were 15% for male students and 17% for female students, a non-significant difference.<ref name=dawson /> In a 2011 study on 367 middle-aged and elderly men recruited from the broader community in [[Berlin]], 21.8% of the men self-reported sadistic fantasies and 15.5% sadistic behaviors;<ref name=ahlers>{{cite journal |title=How unusual are the contents of paraphilias? Paraphilia-associated sexual arousal patterns in a community-based sample of men|year=2011|vauthors=Ahlers CJ, Schaefer GA, Mundt IA, Roll S, Englert H, Willich SN, Beier KM |journal=Journal of Sexual Medicine|issue=#5|volume=8|pages=1362–70|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01597.x|pmid=19929918}}</ref> 24.8% self-reported any such fantasy and/or behavior.<ref name=ahlers /> The corresponding figures for self-reported masochism were 15.8% for fantasy, 12.3% for behaviour, and 18.5% for fantasy and/or behaviour.<ref name=ahlers /> In a 2008 study on gay men in [[Puerto Rico]], 14.8% of the over 425 community volunteers reported any sadistic fantasy, desire or behaviour in their lifetime; the corresponding figure for masochism was 15.7%.<ref>{{cite report|title=Doctoral dissertation: Paraphilias among gay men in Puerto Rico|year=2008|author=Edward H. Fankhanel|url=http://www.esextherapy.com/dissertations/Edward%20H%20Fankhanel%20M.A.%20Ed.D.%20%20Paraphilias%20Among%20Gay%20Men%20in%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf|publisher=The American Academy of Clinical Sexologists|access-date=13 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322140811/http://www.esextherapy.com/dissertations/Edward%20H%20Fankhanel%20M.A.%20Ed.D.%20%20Paraphilias%20Among%20Gay%20Men%20in%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> A 2017 cross-sectional representative survey among the general Belgian population demonstrated a substantial prevalence of BDSM fantasies and activities; 12.5% of the population performed one of more BDSM-practices on a regular basis.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Fifty Shades of Belgian Gray: The Prevalence of BDSM-Related Fantasies and Activities in the General Population|year=2017|author1=Lien Holvoet |author2=Wim Huys |author3=Violette Coppens |author4=Jantien Seeuws |author5=Kris Goethals |author6=Manuel Morrens |journal=Journal of Sexual Medicine|issue=#14|volume=9|pages=1152–1159|doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.07.003 |pmid=28781214|hdl=10067/1450920151162165141|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"; style="text-align:center; width:80%"
|-
!Lifetime BDSM behaviors among North American medical students<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Impact of Sexual Orientation on Sexuality and Sexual Practices in North American Medical Students|year=2010|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01794.x|pmid=20384941|pmc=3607668|journal=[[Journal of Sexual Medicine]]|volume=7|issue=7|pages=2391–2400|last1=Breyer|first1=Benjamin N.|last2=Smith|first2=James F.|last3=Eisenberg|first3=Michael L.|last4=Ando|first4=Kathryn A.|last5=Rowen|first5=Tami S.|last6=Shindel|first6=Alan W.}}</ref>
!Straight men
!Gay men
!Bisexual men
!Straight women
!Gay women
!Bisexual women
|-
|Has been restrained for pleasure
|12%
|20%
|13%
|19%
|38%
|55%
|-
|Has restrained someone else for pleasure
|17.5%
|17%
|13%
|13%
|36%
|51%
|-
|Has received pain for pleasure
|4%
|6.5%
|18%
|8%
|10%
|36%
|-
|Has inflicted pain for pleasure
|5%
|6%
|9%
|4%
|6.5%
|26%
|}

Recent surveys on the spread of BDSM fantasies and practices show strong variations in the range of their results.<ref name="Fakten">{{cite web |title=Nackte Fakten – Statistik für Zahlenfetischisten |language=de |access-date=9 November 2008 |url=http://www.datenschlag.org/txt/statistik.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208192334/http://www.datenschlag.org/txt/statistik.html |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Researchers believe that 5 to 25 per cent of the population practices sexual behaviour related to pain or dominance and submission. The population with related fantasies is believed to be even larger.<ref name="Fakten"/>