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==Morphology== Armenian corresponds to other Indo-European languages in structure, but it shares distinctive sounds and grammatical features with neighboring [[languages of the Caucasus|languages of the Caucasus region]]. Armenian orthography is rich in consonant clusters, but in pronunciation, they are broken up with schwas.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kortmann|first1=Bernd|last2=van der Auwera|first2=Johan|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vi_VCm51kpkC|year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3110220261|page=129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New Armenia, Vol. 11-12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nLnAAAAMAAJ|year=1919|publisher=New Armenia Publishing Company|isbn=1248372786|page=160}}</ref> Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a system of noun declensions, with six or seven cases but no gender. In modern Armenian, the use of auxiliary verbs to show tense (comparable to "will" in "he will go") has generally supplanted the inflected verbs of [[Classical Armenian]]. Negative verbs are conjugated differently from positive ones (as in English "he goes" and "he does not go") in many tenses, otherwise adding only the negative {{lang|hy|չ}} to the positive conjugation. Grammatically, early forms of Armenian had much in common with classical [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]], but the modern language has undergone many [[analytic language|analytic]] transformations like modern Greek. ===Nouns=== Armenian has no [[grammatical gender]], not even in pronouns, but there is a feminine suffix ({{lang|hy|-ուհի}} "-uhi") which has no grammatical effect. For example, {{lang|hy|ուսուցիչ}} (''usucʻičʻ'', "teacher") becomes {{lang|hy|ուսուցչուհի}} (''usucʻčʻuhi'', female teacher). The nominal inflection preserves several types of inherited stem classes. Historically, nouns were declined for one of seven cases: [[nominative case|nominative]] (ուղղական ''uġġakan''), [[accusative case|accusative]] (հայցական ''haycʻakan''), [[locative case|locative]] (ներգոյական ''nergoyakan''), [[genitive case|genitive]] (սեռական ''seṙakan''), [[dative case|dative]] (տրական ''trakan''), [[ablative case|ablative]] (բացառական ''bacʻaṙakan''), or [[instrumental case|instrumental]] (գործիական ''gorciakan''), but in the modern language, the nominative and accusative cases, as well as the dative and genitive cases, have merged. ;Examples of noun declension in Eastern Armenian {| class="wikitable" |+{{lang|hy|Հեռախոս}} {{transliteration|hy|''Heṙaxos''}} (telephone) !Case !Singular !Plural |- !Nominative/ Accusative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հեռախոս'''(ը/ն)*'''|heṙaxos'''(ë/n)*'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հեռախոս'''ներ(ը/ն)*'''|heṙaxos'''ner(ë/n)*'''|}} |- !Genitive/ Dative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հեռախոս'''ի(ն)'''|heṙaxos'''i(n)'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հեռախոս'''ների(ն)'''|heṙaxos'''neri(n)'''|}} |- !Ablative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հեռախոս'''ից'''|heṙaxos'''icʻ'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հեռախոս'''ներից'''|heṙaxos'''nericʻ'''|}} |- !Instrumental |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հեռախոս'''ով'''|heṙaxos'''ov'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հեռախոս'''ներով'''|heṙaxos'''nerov'''|}} |- !Locative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հեռախոս'''ում'''|heṙaxos'''um'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հեռախոս'''ներում'''|heṙaxos'''nerum'''|}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+{{lang|hy|Մայր}} {{transliteration|hy|''Mayr''}} (mother) !Case !Singular !Plural |- !Nominative/ Accusative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|մայր'''(ը/ն)*'''|mayr'''(ë/n)*'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|մայր'''եր(ը/ն)*'''|mayr'''er(ë/n)*'''|}} |- !Genitive/ Dative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|մ'''որ(ը/ն)*'''|m'''or(ë/n)*'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|մայրեր'''ի(ն)'''|mayr'''eri(n)'''|}} |- !Ablative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|մ'''որից'''|m'''oricʻ'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|մայրեր'''ից'''|mayr'''ericʻ'''|}} |- !Instrumental |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|մ'''որով'''|m'''orov'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|մայր'''երով'''|mayr'''erov'''|}} |} Which case the direct object takes is split based on animacy (a phenomenon more generally known as [[differential object marking]]). Inanimate nouns take the nominative, while animate nouns take the dative. Additionally, animate nouns can never take the locative case. {| class="wikitable" |+{{lang|hy|Հանրապետություն}} {{transliteration|hy|''Hanrapetut'yun''}} (republic) !Case !Singular !Plural |- !Nominative/ Accusative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հանրապետություն'''(ը/ն)*'''|hanrapetutʻyun'''(ë/n)*'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հանրապետություն'''ներ(ը/ն)*'''|hanrapetutʻyun'''ner(ë/n)*'''|}} |- !Genitive/ Dative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հանրապետությ'''ան(ը/ն)*'''|hanrapetutʻy'''an(ë/n)*'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հանրապետություն'''ների(ն)'''|hanrapetutʻyun'''neri(n)'''|}} |- !Ablative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հանրապետություն'''ից'''|hanrapetutʻyun'''icʻ'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հանրապետություն'''ներից'''|hanrapetut'yun'''nericʻ'''|}} |- !Instrumental |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հանրապետությ'''ամբ'''|hanrapetutʻy'''amb'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հանրապետություն'''ներով'''|hanrapetutʻyun'''nerov'''|}} |- !Locative |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հանրապետություն'''ում'''|hanrapetut'yun'''um'''|}} |{{fs interlinear|lang=hy|հանրապետություն'''ներում'''|hanrapetut'yun'''nerum'''|}} |} ;Examples of noun declension in Western Armenian {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | {{lang|hy|դաշտ}} {{transliteration|hy|''tašd''}} (field) ! colspan="2" | {{lang|hy|կով}} {{transliteration|hy|''gov''}} (cow) |- ! singular || plural ! singular || plural |- ! Nom-Acc<br />(Ուղղական-Հայցական) | {{fs interlinear|դաշտ|tašd|}} | {{fs interlinear|դաշտ'''եր'''|tašd'''er'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|կով|gov|}} | {{fs interlinear|կով'''եր'''|gov'''er'''|}} |- ! Gen-Dat<br />(Սեռական-Տրական) | {{fs interlinear|դաշտ'''ի'''|tašd'''i'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|դաշտ'''երու'''|tašd'''eru'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|կով'''ու'''|gov'''u'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|կով'''երու'''|gov'''eru'''|}} |- ! Abl<br />(Բացառական) | {{fs interlinear|դաշտ'''է'''|tašd'''ē'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|դաշտ'''երէ'''|tašd'''erē'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|կով'''է'''|gov'''ē'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|կով'''երէ'''|gov'''erē'''|}} |- ! Instr<br />(Գործիական) | {{fs interlinear|դաշտ'''ով'''|tašd'''ov'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|դաշտ'''երով'''|tašd'''erov'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|կով'''ով'''|gov'''ov'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|կով'''երով'''|gov'''erov'''|}} |} {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | {{lang|hy|գարուն}} {{transliteration|hy|''karun''}} (spring) ! colspan="2" | {{lang|hy|օր}} {{transliteration|hy|''ōr''}} (day) ! colspan="2" | {{lang|hy|Քոյր}} {{transliteration|hy|''koyr''}} (sister) |- ! singular || plural ! singular || plural ! singular || plural |- ! Nom-Acc<br />(Ուղղական-Հայցական) | {{fs interlinear|գարուն|''karun''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գարուն'''ներ'''|''karun'''ner'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|օր|''ōr''|}} | {{fs interlinear|օր'''եր'''|''ōr'''er'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|քոյր|''koyr''|}} | {{fs interlinear|քոյր'''եր'''|''koyr'''er'''''|}} |- ! Gen-Dat<br />(Սեռական-Տրական) | {{fs interlinear|գարն'''ա'''ն|''karn'''an'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գարուն'''ներու'''|''karun'''neru'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|օր'''ուայ'''|''ōr'''uay'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|օր'''երու'''|''ōr'''eru'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|քր'''ոջ'''|''kr'''oč'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|քոյր'''երու'''|''koyr'''eru'''''|}} |- ! Abl<br />(Բացառական) | {{fs interlinear|գարուն'''է'''|''karun'''ē'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գարուն'''ներէ'''|''karun'''nerē'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|օր'''ուընէ'''|''ōr'''uënē'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|օր'''երէ'''|''ōr'''erē'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|քր'''ոջմէ'''|''kr'''očmē'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|քոյր'''երէ'''|''koyr'''erē'''''|}} |- ! Instr<br />(Գործիական) | {{fs interlinear|գարուն'''ով'''|''karun'''ov'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գարուն'''ներով'''|''karun'''nerov'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|օր'''ով'''|''ōr'''ov'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|օր'''երով'''|''ōr'''erov'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|քր'''ոջմով'''|''kr'''očmov'''''|}} | {{fs interlinear|քոյր'''երով'''|''kuyr'''erov'''''|}} |} {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | '''հայր''' / '''''hayr''''' (father) ! colspan="2" | '''Աստուած''' / '''''Asdvaj''''' (God) ! colspan="2" | '''գիտութիւն''' / '''''kidutiwn''''' (science) |- ! singular || plural ! singular || plural ! singular || plural |- ! Nom-Acc<br />(Ուղղական-Հայցական) | {{fs interlinear|հայր|hayr|}} | {{fs interlinear|հայր'''եր'''|hayr'''er'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|Աստուած|Asdvaj|}} | {{fs interlinear|աստուած'''ներ'''|Asdvaj'''ner'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գիտութիւն|kidutiwn|}} | {{fs interlinear|գիտութիւն'''ներ'''|kidutiwn'''ner'''|}} |- ! Gen-Dat<br />(Սեռական-Տրական) | {{fs interlinear|հ'''օ'''ր|h'''ō'''r|}} | {{fs interlinear|հայր'''երու'''|hayr'''eru'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|Աստուծ'''ոյ'''|Asduj'''oy'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|աստուած'''ներու'''|Asdvaj'''neru'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գիտութ'''եան'''|kidut'''ean'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գիտութիւն'''ներու''' / գիտութ'''եանց'''|kidutiunn'''eru''' / kidut'''eancʻ'''|}} |- ! Abl<br />(Բացառական) | {{fs interlinear|հ'''օ'''ր'''մէ'''|h'''ō'''r'''mē'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|հայր'''երէ'''|hayr'''erē'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|Աստուծ'''մէ'''|Asduj'''mē'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|աստուած'''ներէ'''|Asdvaj'''nerē'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գիտութ'''ենէ'''|kidut'''enē'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գիտութիւն'''ներէ'''|kidutiwn'''nerē'''|}} |- ! Instr<br />(Գործիական) | {{fs interlinear|հ'''օ'''ր'''մով'''|h'''ō'''r'''mov'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|հայր'''երով'''|hayr'''erov'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|Աստուծ'''մով'''|Asduj'''mov'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|աստուածն'''երով'''|Asdvaj'''nerov'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գիտութ'''եամբ''' / գիտութիւն'''ով'''|kidut'''eamp''' / kidutiwn'''ov'''|}} | {{fs interlinear|գիտութիւն'''ներով'''|kidutiwn'''nerov'''|}} |} ===Verbs=== {{Main|Armenian verbs}} Verbs in Armenian have an expansive system of [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] with two main verb types in Eastern Armenian and three in Western Armenian changing form based on [[Grammatical tense|tense]], [[Grammatical mood|mood]] and [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]].
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