Editing Arabs (section)

===== Ottoman era (1517–1918) =====
{{Main|Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Caliphate}}
{{Further|Arab Revolt|Campaigns of the Arab Revolt|Middle Eastern theatre of World War I||}}
[[File:Sharif Hussein portrait.jpeg|thumb|[[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi]] (1854–1931) was a prominent Arab leader who served as the [[Sharifian Solution|Sharif]] and [[Sharif of Mecca|Emir of Mecca]] from 1908 until 1917. He was a member of the [[Hashemites|Hashemite dynasty]], which claimed descent from [[Muhammad]].|left]]
From 1517 to 1918, The Ottomans defeated the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] in Cairo, and ended the Abbasid Caliphate in the battles of [[Battle of Marj Dabiq|Marj Dabiq]] and [[Battle of Ridaniya|Ridaniya]]. They entered the [[Levant]] and Egypt as conquerors, and brought down the Abbasid caliphate after it lasted for many centuries. In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from throughout the Levant formed al-Fatat ("the [[Young Arab Society]]"), a small Arab nationalist club, in Paris. Its stated aim was "raising the level of the [[Arab Nationalist Movement|Arab nation]] to the level of modern nations." In the first few years of its existence, al-Fatat called for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the [[Arab Congress of 1913]] in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world.<ref>Zeine N. Zeine (1973) ''The Emergence of Arab Nationalism'' (3rd ed.). Delmar, New York: Caravan Books Inc. {{ISBN|0882060007}}. pp. 60–61, 83–92.</ref> However, as the Ottoman authorities cracked down on the organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab provinces.<ref name="Choueiri166">Choueiri, pp. 166–168.</ref>
[[File:MPK1-426 Sykes Picot Agreement Map signed 8 May 1916.jpg|thumb|The region covered by the modus vivendi, as agreed in the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement]]
The [[Arab Revolt]] was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire during World War I, began in 1916, led by [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Sherif Hussein bin Ali]], the goal of the revolt was to gain independence for the Arab lands under Ottoman rule and to create a unified Arab state. The revolt was sparked by a number of factors, including the Arab desire for greater autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, resentment towards Ottoman policies, and the influence of Arab nationalist movements. The Arab Revolt was a significant factor in the eventual [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|defeat of the Ottoman Empire]]. The revolt helped to weaken Ottoman military power and tie up Ottoman forces that could have been deployed elsewhere. It also helped to increase support for Arab independence and nationalism, which would have a lasting impact on the region in the years to come.<ref>William Easterly, ''The White Man's Burden'', (2006) p. 295</ref><ref>Jeremy Wilson (1989) ''[[Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence]]''. William Heinemann. {{ISBN|978-0434872350}}. p. 548</ref> The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] in the [[aftermath of World War I]], the [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]] had a significant impact on the Arab world and its people. The agreement divided the Arab territories of the Ottoman Empire into zones of control for France and Britain, ignoring the aspirations of the Arab people for independence and self-determination.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1598843361|pages=799–802}}</ref>