Editing Antonio Gramsci (section)

==Legacy==
According to the American socialist magazine ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'', Gramsci "is one of the most cited Italian authors—certainly the most cited Italian Marxist ever—and one of the most celebrated Marxist philosophers of the twentieth century.", adding that the ''Prison Notebooks'' "allowed his unorthodox Marxism to spread worldwide."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maccaferri |first=Marzia |date=November 1, 2021 |title=How Antonio Gramsci's Ideas Went Global |url=https://jacobin.com/2021/11/antonio-gramsci-selections-prison-notebooks-fiftieth-anniversary |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Gramsci's thought emanates from the organised [[political left]] but has also become an important figure in current academic discussions within [[cultural studies]] and [[critical theory]]. Political theorists from the [[political centre]] and the [[political right]] have also found insight into his concepts; for instance, his idea of hegemony has become widely cited. His influence is particularly strong in contemporary [[political science]], such as [[neo-Gramscianism]]. His critics charge him with fostering a notion of power struggle through ideas. They find the Gramscian approach to philosophical analysis, reflected in current academic controversies, to conflict with open-ended, liberal inquiry grounded in apolitical readings of the classics of Western culture. Some critics have argued that Gramsci's attempt to reconcile Marxism with [[intellectualism]] creates an [[Elitism|ideological elitism]] that can be seen as at odds with [[Civil liberties|individual liberty]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Buttigieg |first=Joseph A. |title=Gramsci's Political Thought: Hegemony, Consciousness, and the Revolutionary Process |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1992}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Adamson |first=Walter L. |title=Hegemony and Revolution: A Study of Antonio Gramsci's Political and Cultural Theory |publisher=University of California Press |year=1983}}</ref> 

His theory of hegemony has drawn criticism from those who believe that the promotion of [[state intervention]] in cultural affairs risks undermining the [[Marketplace of ideas|free exchange of ideas]], which is essential for a truly [[open society]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Femia |first=Joseph V. |title=Cultural Hegemony in a Scientific World |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1981}}</ref>

As a socialist, Gramsci's legacy has been met with a mixed reception.<ref name=NLR />{{rp|6–7}} Togliatti, who led the party (renamed in 1943 as the [[Italian Communist Party]], PCI) after World War II and whose gradualist approach was a forerunner to [[Eurocommunism]], stated that the PCI's practices during this period were congruent with Gramscian thought.<ref>{{cite book|last=Femia|first=Joseph P.|date=April 1987|chapter=A Peaceful Road to Socialism?|title=Gramsci's Political Thought: Hegemony, Consciousness, and the Revolutionary Process|edition=paperback|publisher=University of Oxford Press|pages=190–216|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198275435.003.0006|isbn=978-9-0045-0334-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Liguori|first=Guido|date=21 December 2021|chapter=Gramsci and the Italian Road to Socialism (1956–59)|title=Gramsci Contested: Interpretations, Debates, and Polemics, 1922–2012|series=Historical Materialism|translator=Braude, Richard|edition=E-book|publisher=Brill|pages=94–123|doi=10.1163/9789004503342_005|isbn=978-0-1982-7543-5|s2cid=245586587 }}</ref> It is speculated that he would likely have been expelled from his party if his true views had been known, particularly his growing hostility towards [[Joseph Stalin]].{{sfn|Jones|2006|p=25}}

One issue for Gramsci related to his speaking on topics of violence and when it might be justified or not. When the socialist [[Giacomo Matteotti]] was murdered, Gramsci did not condemn the murder. Matteotti had already called for the rule of law and had been murdered by the fascists for that stance. The murder produced a crisis for the [[Italian fascist]] regime that Gramsci could have exploited.{{Sfn|Frétigné|2021|pp=156–159}} The historian Jean-Yves Frétigné argues that Gramsci and the socialists more generally were naïve in their assessment of the fascists and as a result underestimated the brutality of which the regime was capable.{{Sfn|Frétigné|2021|pp=182–183}}

In Thailand, [[Piyabutr Saengkanokkul]], an academic, democratic activist, and former Secretary-General of [[Future Forward Party]], cited Gramsci's idea as the main key to establishing a party.<ref>{{cite news |title='กรัมชี-ปิยบุตร’ สงครามศาสดา |url=https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/blogs/columnist/124050 |work=Bangkok Post |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912050948/https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/blogs/columnist/124050 |url-status=live }}</ref>