Editing Antonín Dvořák (section)

===Symphonies===
[[File:The title page of the autograph score of Dvořák's ninth symphony.jpg|thumb|Title page of the manuscript to Dvořák's [[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)|Ninth Symphony]]]]

During Dvořák's life, only five of his symphonies were widely known. The first one published was the [[Symphony No. 6 (Dvořák)|sixth]], dedicated to [[Hans Richter (conductor)|Hans Richter]]. After Dvořák's death, research uncovered four unpublished symphonies. The manuscript of the first one had even been lost to the composer himself. This led to the situation in which the ''[[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)|New World Symphony]]'' has successively been called the 5th, 8th and 9th.<ref name="naxos" /> The modern chronological numbering system is used here.

With their lyrical style and accessibility to the listener, Dvořák's symphonies seem to derive from the [[Franz Schubert|Schubertian]] tradition; but, as Taruskin suggests, the difference was Dvořák's use of cyclic form, especially in his later symphonies and concertos, where he "occasionally recycled themes... to a degree which lent his works a tinge of secret '[[programme music|programmaticism]]'".{{Sfn|Taruskin|2010|p=754}}

[[Symphony No. 1 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 1 in C minor]], Op. 3, was written in 1865 when Dvořák was 24 years old.{{refn|First performed 1936; first published 1961|group=n}} It was later subtitled ''The Bells of Zlonice'', in reference to the time Dvořák spent in the village of Zlonice, and in the church there, between the age of 13 and 16. Like the [[Symphony No. 2 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 2 in B{{music|flat}} major]], Op. 4,{{refn|First performed 1888; first published 1959|group=n}} also in 1865, despite touches of originality, it did not remain in the standard symphonic repertory.{{Sfn|Clapham|1980|p=778}}

[[Symphony No. 3 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 3 in E{{music|flat}} major]], Op. 10 (c. 1873),{{refn|First performed 1874; first published 1912|group=n}} shows the impact of Dvořák's acquaintance with the music of [[Richard Wagner]]. This influence is less evident in [[Symphony No. 4 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 4 in D minor]], Op. 13,{{refn|First performed 1892; first published 1912|group=n}} except for the start of the second movement.{{Sfn|Clapham|1980|p=778}}

[[Symphony No. 5 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 5 in F major]], Op. 76,{{refn|First performed 1879; first published 1888 as 'Symphony no. 3'|group=n}} and [[Symphony No. 6 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 6 in D major]], Op. 60,{{refn|First performed and published in 1881 as 'Symphony no. 1'|group=n}} are largely pastoral in nature. The Sixth, published in 1880, shows a resemblance to the [[Symphony No. 2 (Brahms)|Symphony No. 2]] of Brahms, particularly in the outer movements,{{Sfn|Clapham|1980|p=778}} but not so much in the third-movement [[furiant]], a vivid Czech dance. This was the symphony that made Dvořák internationally known as a symphonic composer.

[[Symphony No. 7 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 7 in D minor]] of 1885, Op. 70,{{refn|First performed and published in 1885 as 'Symphony no. 2'|group=n}} is highly regarded by critics and musicologists;{{Sfn|Clapham|1979b|p=74}} Sir [[Donald Tovey]] stated that "along with the four [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] symphonies and [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|Schubert's Ninth]], it is among the greatest and purest examples in this art-form since Beethoven".<ref>{{cite book|last=Tovey|first=Donald F.|author-link=Donald Tovey|title=Essays in Musical Analysis|volume=Two|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1936}}</ref>

[[Symphony No. 8 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 8 in G major]], Op. 88,{{refn|First performed and published in 1888 as 'Symphony no. 4'|group=n}} is characterized by a warmer and more optimistic tone. Karl Schumann (in booklet notes for a recording of all the symphonies by [[Rafael Kubelík]]) compares it to the works of [[Gustav Mahler]].
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|filename=Antonin Dvorak - symphony no. 9 in e minor 'from the new world', op. 95 - i. adagio - allegro molto.ogg|title=I. Adagio – Allegro molto
|filename2=Antonin Dvorak - symphony no. 9 in e minor 'from the new world', op. 95 - ii. largo.ogg|title2=II. Largo
|filename3=Antonin Dvorak - symphony no. 9 in e minor 'from the new world', op. 95 - iii. molto vivace.ogg|title3=III. Scherzo: Molto vivace
|filename4=Antonin Dvorak - symphony no. 9 in e minor 'from the new world', op. 95 - iv. allegro con fuoco.ogg|title4=IV. Allegro con fuoco}}

[[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 9 in E minor]], Op. 95,{{refn|First performed in 1893 and published in 1894 as 'Symphony no. 5'|group=n}} is also known by its subtitle ''From the New World'', or as the ''New World Symphony''. Dvořák wrote it between January and May 1893, while he was in New York. At the time of its first performance, he claimed that he used elements from American music such as [[spiritual (music)|spiritual]]s and [[Native American music]] in this work,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvoraknyc.org/african-american-influences/|title=African American Influences|website=DVOŘÁK AMERICAN HERITAGE ASSOCIATION}}</ref> but he later denied this. [[Neil Armstrong]] took a recording of the ''New World Symphony'' to the [[Moon]] during the [[Apollo 11]] mission in 1969,<ref name="ArmstrongMoon">{{cite web | title=Composer Note: "To the New World" (World Premiere) | first=Michael | last=Daugherty | website=The Pacific Symphony Blog | date=2019-03-29 | url=https://pacificsymphony.blog/2019/03/29/composer-note-to-the-new-world-world-premiere/ | access-date=2025-03-29}}</ref> and in 2009 it was voted the favourite symphony in [[Classic 100 Symphony (ABC)|a poll]] run by [[ABC Classic FM]] in Australia.<ref name="Classic100List">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/classic/classic100/archive/search/?year=2009-symphony|title=Search – Classic 100 Archive – ABC Classic FM|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=11 November 2017}}</ref> It has also been used by the [[WWE]] as the entrance music for superstar [[Gunther (wrestler)|Gunther]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunther |url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/gunther |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=WWE |language=en}}</ref>

Many conductors have recorded cycles of the symphonies, including [[Karel Ančerl]],<ref name="Ancerl_discography">{{AllMusic | id=karel-ancerl-mn0002340453#discography | title= Karel Ancerl}}</ref> [[Jiří Bělohlávek]],<ref name="Belohlavek_2014">{{AllMusic | id=dvorák-complete-symphonies-concertos-mw0002685632 | title= ''Dvorák: Complete Symphonies & Concertos'' | access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref> [[Gustavo Dudamel]],<ref name="Dudamel_2022">{{AllMusic | id=antonín-dvorák-symphonies-nos-7-9-mw0003769132 | title= ''Antonín Dvorák: Symphonies Nos. 7-9'' | access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref> [[Neeme Järvi]],<ref name="Neeme 1991">{{AllMusic | id=dvorak-the-complete-symphonies-mw0001803090 | title= ''Dvorak: The Complete Symphonies'' | access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref> [[István Kertész (conductor)|István Kertész]],<ref name="Kertesz 1991">{{AllMusic | id=dvorák-the-symphonies-box-set--mw0001804967 | title= ''Dvorák: The Symphonies'' | access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref> [[Rafael Kubelík]],<ref name="Kubelik_1999">{{AllMusic | id=dvorák-the-nine-symphonies-mw0001370617 | title= ''Dvorák: The Nine Symphonies'' | access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref> [[Zdeněk Mácal]],<ref name="Macal_discography">{{AllMusic | id=zdenek-mácal-mn0000026890#discography | title= Zdenek Mácal}}</ref> [[Václav Neumann]],<ref name="Neumann_2003">{{AllMusic | id=dvorák-symphonies-nos-1-9-box-set--mw0001385107 | title= ''Dvorák: Symphonies Nos. 1-9'' | access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref> [[Libor Pešek]],<ref name="Oesek_2000">{{AllMusic | id=dvorak-symphonies-1-9-orchestral-works-mw0001544174 | title= ''Dvorak: Symphonies 1-9 & Orchestral Works'' | access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref> [[Witold Rowicki]],<ref name="Rowicki_60s">{{AllMusic | id=dvorak-the-symphonies-overtures-mw0001965629 | title= ''Dvorak: The Symphonies; Overtures'' | access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref> and [[Otmar Suitner]].<ref name="Suitner_2005">{{AllMusic | id= dvorák-the-symphonies-box-set--mw0001864298 | title= ''Dvorák: The Symphonies'' | access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref>

[[Adolf Čech]] premiered more of Dvořák's symphonies than anyone else. He conducted the first performances of Nos. 2, 5 and 6;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thought |first=Fugue for |date=2013-10-20 |title=Antonin Dvorak: Symphony no. 2, op. 4 |url=https://fugueforthought.de/2013/10/21/dvorak-symphony-no-2-op-4/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Fugue for Thought |language=en}}</ref> the composer premiered Nos. 7<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!-- not stated -->  |title=Symphony No. 7 in D Minor, Op. 70, B141 {{!}} Antonín Dvořák |url=https://www.antonin-dvorak.cz/en/work/symphony-no-7/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.antonin-dvorak.cz |language=cs}}</ref> and 8;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Program Notes: Dvořák's Eighth Symphony |url=https://www.orsymphony.org/concerts-tickets/program-notes/1819/dvoraks-eighth-symphony/#:~:text=Outraged,%20Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%20offered%20his%20Symphony,Prague%20on%20February%202,%201890. |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.orsymphony.org}}</ref> [[Bedřich Smetana]] led Nos. 3<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eliza |date=2023-03-28 |title=Why did Dvořák hold particular affections for this symphony? |url=https://interlude.hk/on-this-day-29-march-dvorak-symphony-no-3-was-premiered/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> and 4;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eliza |date=2023-04-05 |title=Richard Wagner's Influences on Dvořák |url=https://interlude.hk/on-this-day-6-april-dvorak-symphony-no-4-was-premiered/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Anton Seidl]] conducted No. 9;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antonín Dvořák |url=https://www.carnegiehall.org/About/History/Carnegie-Hall-Icons/Antonin-Dvorak |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.carnegiehall.org}}</ref> and [[Milan Sachs]] premiered No. 1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=beaverbase |date=2015-03-26 |title=Antonín Dvořák, Symphony No. 1 in C minor |url=https://americansymphony.org/concert-notes/antonin-dvorak-symphony-no-1-in-c-minor/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=American Symphony Orchestra |language=en-US}}</ref>