Editing Anthrax (section)

=== Vaccines ===
{{Main|Anthrax vaccines}}
Vaccines against anthrax for use in livestock and humans have had a prominent place in the history of medicine. The French scientist [[Louis Pasteur]] developed the first effective veterinary [[Anthrax vaccines|vaccine]] in 1881.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://louisville.edu/library/ekstrom/special/pasteur/cohn.html|access-date=13 August 2008|title=Life and Times of Louis Pasteur|date=11 February 1996| vauthors = Cohn DV |publisher=School of Dentistry, [[University of Louisville]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080408070236/http://louisville.edu/library/ekstrom/special/pasteur/cohn.html |archive-date = 8 April 2008}}</ref><ref name="Mikesell1983">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Mikesell P, Ivins BE, Ristroph JD, Vodkin MH, Dreier TM, Leppla SH |title=Plasmids, Pasteur, and Anthrax |year=1983 |journal=ASM News |volume=49 |pages=320–22 |url=https://www.asm.org/ccLibraryFiles/FILENAME/0000000221/490783p320.pdf |access-date=8 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808125915/https://www.asm.org/ccLibraryFiles/FILENAME/0000000221/490783p320.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://german.about.com/library/blerf_koch.htm |title=Robert Koch (1843–1910) |publisher=About.com |access-date=13 August 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080705230619/http://german.about.com/library/blerf_koch.htm| archive-date= 5 July 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Human anthrax vaccines were developed by the [[Soviet Union]] in the late 1930s and in the US and UK in the 1950s. The current FDA-approved US vaccine was formulated in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book | collaboration = Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of the Anthrax Vaccine | chapter = Executive Summary |date=2002 | title = The Anthrax Vaccine: Is It Safe? Does It Work? | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220527/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en | vauthors = Joellenbeck LM, Zwanziger LL, Durch JS, Strom BL  }}</ref>

Currently administered human anthrax vaccines include [[acellular vaccine|acellular]] [[subunit vaccine]] (United States) and [[live vaccine]] (Russia) varieties. All currently used anthrax vaccines show considerable local and general [[reactogenicity]] ([[erythema]], [[induration]], [[soreness]], [[fever]]) and serious adverse reactions occur in about 1% of recipients.<ref name="Splino_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Splino M, Patocka J, Prymula R, Chlibek R | title = Anthrax vaccines | journal = Annals of Saudi Medicine | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–149 | date = 2005 | pmid = 15977694 | pmc = 6147967 | doi = 10.5144/0256-4947.2005.143 | url = }}</ref> The American product, BioThrax, is licensed by the FDA and was formerly administered in a six-dose primary series at 0, 2, 4 weeks and 6, 12, 18 months, with annual boosters to maintain immunity. In 2008, the FDA approved omitting the week-2 dose, resulting in the currently recommended five-dose series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/approvedproducts/ucm124462.htm |title=11 December 2008 Approval Letter |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date=8 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629030005/https://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/approvedproducts/ucm124462.htm |archive-date=29 June 2017 }}</ref> This five-dose series is available to military personnel, scientists who work with anthrax and members of the public who do jobs which cause them to be at-risk.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-18 |title=Vaccine to Prevent Anthrax {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/prevention/vaccine/index.html |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125225025/https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/prevention/vaccine/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> New second-generation vaccines currently being researched include [[recombinant live vaccine]]s and [[recombinant subunit vaccine]]s. In the 20th century the use of a modern product ([[BioThrax]]) to protect American troops against the use of anthrax in [[biological warfare]] was controversial.<ref name=anthraxmilitary>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-dec-23-na-anthrax23-story.html |title=Military to Halt Anthrax Shots | vauthors = Schrader E |date=23 December 2003 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203911/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/dec/23/nation/na-anthrax23 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>