Editing Andrew Carnegie (section)

===1901–1919: Philanthropist===
{{main|Carnegie library|Carnegie Corporation of New York|Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|Carnegie Institution for Science|Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland|Carnegie United Kingdom Trust|Carnegie Hero Fund|Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh}}
{{see also|Carnegie Hall|Tuskegee Institute|Hooker telescope}}
[[File:Carnegie-1903.jpg|thumb|upright|Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy. ''Puck'' magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903]]
Carnegie spent his last years as a philanthropist. From 1901 forward, public attention was turned from the shrewd business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such a fortune, to the public-spirited way in which he devoted himself to using it on philanthropic projects. He had written about his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of great wealth in ''Triumphant Democracy'' (1886) and [[The Gospel of Wealth|''Gospel of Wealth'']] (1889). Carnegie devoted the rest of his life to providing capital for purposes of public interest and social and educational advancement. He saved letters of appreciation from those he helped in a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."

He provided $25,000 a year to the movement for [[spelling reform]].<ref>[[Joseph Frazier Wall]], ''Andrew Carnegie'' (1970), pp. 891–893.</ref> His organization, the [[Simplified Spelling Board]],<ref name=NYT19060306>[https://www.nytimes.com/1906/03/12/archives/carnegie-assaults-the-spelling-book-to-pay-the-cost-of-reforming.html "Carnegie Assaults the Spelling Book; To Pay the Cost of Reforming English Orthography. Campaign About to Begin Board Named, with Headquarters Here – Local Societies Throughout the Country."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404030227/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02E5D6103EE733A25751C1A9659C946797D6CF&scp=1 |date=April 4, 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 12, 1906. Retrieved August 28, 2008.</ref> created the ''Handbook of Simplified Spelling'', which was written wholly in reformed spelling.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Simplified spelling board |first1=New York [from old catalog |url=http://archive.org/details/handbooksimplif00boargoog |title=Handbook of simplified spelling, written and comp. under the direction of the Filology committee of the Simplified spelling board |last2=Paine |first2=Henry Gallup |date=1920 |publisher=New York [Simplified spelling board] |others=Harvard University}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |first1=Tom |last1=Scott |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9Q1cM7_ai4 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/j9Q1cM7_ai4| archive-date=November 22, 2021 | url-status=live|title=Ghoti and the Ministry of Helth: Spelling Reform |date=June 28, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

====3,000 public libraries====
[[File:Andrew Carnegie, Vanity Fair, 1903-10-29.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Captioned "Free Libraries", Carnegie caricatured by "[[Leslie Ward|Spy]]" for the London magazine ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1903]]
Among his many philanthropic efforts, the establishment of [[public library|public libraries]] throughout the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly other English-speaking countries was especially prominent. In this special driving interest of his, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with philanthropist [[Enoch Pratt]] (1808–1896). The [[Enoch Pratt Free Library]] (1886) of [[Baltimore, Maryland]], impressed Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was my guide and inspiration."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pensinger|first=Dr. Kim|title=The Big Cookie Proposition: Insights and Inspiration for a Generous New You|pages=31|language=English}}</ref>

Carnegie turned over management of the library project by 1908 to his staff, led by [[James Bertram (Carnegie secretary)|James Bertram]] (1874–1934).<ref>{{cite book |author=Lagemann |first=Ellen Condliffe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0AalQle34cC&pg=PA17 |title=The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation, Philanthropy, and Public Policy |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1992 |isbn=9780226467801 |page=17 |language=en-us}}</ref> The first [[Carnegie Library]] opened in 1883 in Dunfermline. His method was to provide funds to build and equip the library, but only on the condition that the local authority matched that by providing the land and a budget for operation and maintenance.{{sfn |Chisholm |1911}}

To secure local interest, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], for a public library; in 1886, he gave $250,000 to [[Allegheny City, Pennsylvania]], for a music hall and library; and he gave $250,000 to [[Edinburgh]] for a free library. In total, Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also in Canada, Britain, Ireland, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the [[West Indies]], and [[Fiji]]. He also donated £50,000 to help set up the [[University of Birmingham]] in 1899.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mickelson |first=Peter |year=1975 |title=American Society and the Public Library in the Thought of Andrew Carnegie |journal=Journal of Library History |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=117–138 |jstor=25540622}}</ref>

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last years of the 19th century, there was the increasing adoption of the idea that free libraries should be available to the American public. But the design of such libraries was the subject of prolonged and heated debate. On one hand, the library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two.<ref>{{cite journal |author=VanSlyck |first=Abigail A. |year=1991 |title="The Utmost Amount of Effectiv [sic] Accommodation": Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library |url=https://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=archfacpub |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |language=en |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=359–383 |doi=10.2307/990662 |jstor=990662 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414074147/https://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=archfacpub |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:CarnegieLibraryPittsburghFrontEntrance.jpg|[[Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh]], [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
File:Macomb Public Library.JPG|[[Carnegie library]], [[Macomb, Illinois]]
File:Edinburgh Central Library, George IV Bridge.JPG|[[Edinburgh]] [[Central Library, Edinburgh|Central Library]]
File:TPL Yorkville 2025-05-07.jpg|[[Yorkville Library (Toronto)|Yorkville Library]], [[Ontario]].
File:Syracuse Carnegie Library.jpg|Carnegie Library at [[Syracuse University]], [[New York City|New York]]
File:Carnegie_library_002.jpg|Carnegie Library, [[Moorreesburg]], [[South Africa]]
</gallery>

====Investing in education, science, pensions, civil heroism, music, and world peace====
[[File:CMUquadfromCoLcrop.jpg|thumb|right|[[Carnegie Mellon University]]]]
[[File:PSM V76 D210 Carnegie institution administration buiding in washington.png|thumb|Carnegie Institution administration building in Washington, D.C.]]
In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]] (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the same amount in 1902 to create the [[Carnegie Institution]] at Washington, D.C., to encourage research and discovery. He later contributed more to these and other schools.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} CIT is now known as [[Carnegie Mellon University]] after it merged with the [[Mellon Institute of Industrial Research]]. Carnegie also served on the Boards of [[Cornell University]] and [[Stevens Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.stevens.edu/catalog/archive/home/campus.html |title=Stevens Institute of Technology Campus and Directions |website=web.stevens.edu |access-date=September 29, 2017 |archive-date=June 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606084643/http://web.stevens.edu/catalog/archive/home/campus.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to [[George Ellery Hale]], who was trying to build the {{convert|100|in|m|adj=on}} [[Hooker telescope|Hooker Telescope]] at [[Mount Wilson Observatory|Mount Wilson]], and donated an additional ten million dollars to the [[Carnegie Institution for Science|Carnegie Institution]] with the following suggestion to expedite the construction of the telescope: "I hope the work at Mount Wilson will be vigorously pushed, because I am so anxious to hear the expected results from it. I should like to be satisfied before I depart, that we are going to repay to the old land some part of the debt we owe them by revealing more clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The telescope saw [[First light (astronomy)|first light]] on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive.<ref>Simmons, Mike (1984). [http://www.mtwilson.edu/his/art/g1a4.php "History of Mount Wilson Observatory&nbsp;– Building the 100-Inch Telescope"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208191301/http://www.mtwilson.edu/his/art/g1a4.php |date=February 8, 2009}}. [[Mount Wilson Observatory]] Association (MWOA).</ref>

[[File:Pittencrieff Park, Dunfermline.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Pittencrieff Park, [[Dunfermline]], Scotland]]

In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish the [[Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland]]. It was created by a deed that he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated by royal charter on August 21, 1902. The establishing gift of $10 million was then an unprecedented sum: at the time, total government assistance to all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. The aim of the Trust was to improve and extend the opportunities for scientific research in the Scottish universities and to enable the deserving and qualified youth of Scotland to attend a university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2008 |title=Carnegie Trust - for the Universities of Scotland |url=http://www.carnegie-trust.org/our_history.htm |access-date=February 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513232654/http://www.carnegie-trust.org/our_history.htm |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }}</ref> He was subsequently elected [[Lord Rector]] of [[University of St. Andrews]] in December 1901,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-university-intelligence/138126085/ |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |title=University Intelligence |date=December 7, 1901 |page=11 |issue=36632 |access-date=January 5, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and formally installed as such in October 1902,<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 23, 1902 |title=University Intelligence |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-university-intelligence/138126227/ |access-date=January 5, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |page=9 |language=en |publication-place=London, England |via=Newspapers.com |issue=36906}}</ref> serving until 1907. He also donated large sums of money to Dunfermline, the place of his birth. In addition to a library, Carnegie also bought the private estate which became [[Pittencrieff Park]] and opened it to all members of the public, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust<ref>{{Scottish charity|SC015710|Carnegie Dunfermline Trust}}</ref> to benefit the people of Dunfermline. A statue of Carnegie was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the park as a commemoration for his creation of the park.<ref>{{Canmore|class=C|num=383697|desc= View of Andrew Carnegie Statue, Pittencrieff Park, Dunfermline. From South East.}}</ref><ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|desc=PITTENCRIEFF PARK, STATUE OF ANDREW CARNEGIE (LB25970)|num=LB25970|fewer-links=yes|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dunfermlinepress.com/news/16133533.Andrew_Carnegie_statue_vandalised/|title=Andrew Carnegie statue vandalised|website=Dunfermline Press|date=April 3, 2018|language=en|access-date=April 3, 2018|archive-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403114732/http://www.dunfermlinepress.com/news/16133533.Andrew_Carnegie_statue_vandalised/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Carnegie was a major patron of music. He was a founding financial backer of [[Jeannette Thurber]]'s [[National Conservatory of Music of America]] in 1885.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Emanuel |date=1990 |title=Jeannette Meyers Thurber and the National Conservatory of Music |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052098 |journal=American Music |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=294–325 |doi=10.2307/3052098 |jstor=3052098 |issn=0734-4392 |access-date=October 28, 2022 |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028220607/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052098 |url-status=live }}</ref> He built the music performing venue [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York City; it opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925. His interest in music led him to fund the construction of 7,000 pipe organs in churches and temples, with no apparent preference for any religious denomination or sect.<ref>"Looking Back Into the Past" (PDF). The Diapason. 47 (2): 22. January 1, 1956.</ref><ref>"Mr. Carnegie Gives To All" (PDF). The Diapason. 2 (3): 3. February 1, 1911.</ref>

He gave a further $10 million in 1913 to endow the [[Carnegie United Kingdom Trust]], a grant-making foundation.<ref>{{Scottish charity |SC012799 |Carnegie United Kingdom Trust}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/ |title=Home – Carnegie UK Trust |access-date=March 13, 2013 |archive-date=December 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228172131/http://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He transferred to the trust the charge of all his existing and future benefactions, other than university benefactions in the United Kingdom. He gave the trustees a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of financing rural library schemes rather than erecting library buildings, and of assisting the musical education of the people rather than granting organs to churches.<ref name="EB1922">{{EB1922|inline=y|wstitle=Carnegie, Andrew|volume=30|page=579}}</ref>

[[File:Tuskegee Institute - faculty.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Carnegie with Black American leader [[Booker T. Washington]] (front row, center) in 1906 while visiting [[Tuskegee Institute]]]]
[[File:La_haye_palais_paix_jardin_face.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The Peace Palace in the Hague, opened in 1913]]

In 1901, Carnegie also established large pension funds for his former employees at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.<ref name="EB1911"/> The latter fund evolved into [[TIAA-CREF]]. One critical requirement was that church-related schools had to sever their religious connections to get his money.

Carnegie was a large benefactor of the [[Tuskegee Institute]] for Black American education under [[Booker T. Washington]]. He helped Washington create the [[National Negro Business League]].

[[File:Medaille Carneggie Heldenfonds.jpg|thumb|right|80px|Dutch medal of the Carnegie Hero Fund.]]
In 1904, he founded the [[Carnegie Hero Fund]] for the United States and Canada (a few years later also established in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Germany) for the recognition of deeds of heroism. Carnegie contributed $1.5 million in 1903 for the erection of the [[Peace Palace]] at [[The Hague]]; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace in Washington as a home for the International Bureau of American Republics.<ref name="EB1911"/>

When it became obvious that Carnegie could not give away his entire fortune within his lifetime, he established the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]] in 1911 "to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding" and continue his program of giving.

Carnegie was honored for his philanthropy and support of the arts by initiation as an honorary member of [[Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia]] fraternity on October 14, 1917, at the [[New England Conservatory|New England Conservatory of Music]] in Boston, Massachusetts. The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values by developing young men to share their talents to create harmony in the world.