Editing Anatolian languages (section)

==== Luwian ====
{{main|Luwian language}}
[[File:Luwian language en.svg|thumb|Area where the 2nd millennium BC Luwian language was spoken]]
The Luwian language is attested in two different scripts, [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] and [[Anatolian hieroglyph]]s, over more than a millennium. While the earlier scholarship tended to treat these two corpora as separate linguistic entities,<ref name="Luraghi 1998 173" /> the current tendency is to separate genuine dialectal distinctions within Luwian from orthographic differences. Accordingly, one now frequently speaks of Kizzuwatna Luwian (attested in cuneiform transmission), Empire Luwian (cuneiform and hieroglyphic transmission), and Iron Age Luwian / Late Luwian (hieroglyphic transmission), as well as several more Luwian dialects, which are more scarcely attested.<ref>{{harvnb|Yakubovich|2011|pp=539–541}}; {{harvnb|Melchert|2016}}; {{harvnb|Rieken|2017|pp=301–302}};</ref>

The cuneiform corpus (Melchert's CLuwian) is recorded in [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]]es and short passages in Hittite texts, mainly from Boğazkale. About 200 tablet fragments of the approximately 30,000 contain CLuwian passages. Most of the tablets reflect the Middle and New Script, although some Old Script fragments have also been attested. Benjamin Fortson hypothesizes that "Luvian was employed in rituals adopted by the Hittites."<ref>{{harvnb|Fortson|2010|p=186}}</ref> A large proportion of tablets containing Luwian passages reflect rituals emanating from [[Kizzuwatna]].<ref>{{harvnb|Yakubovich|2011|p=539}}</ref> On the other hand, many Luwian glosses (foreign words) in Hittite texts appear to reflect a different dialect, namely Empire Luwian.<ref>{{harvnb|Rieken|2017|p=302}}</ref> The Hittite language of the respective tablets sometimes displays interference features, which suggests that they were recorded by Luwian native speakers.

The hieroglyphic corpus (Melchert's HLuwian) is recorded in [[Anatolian hieroglyph]]s, reflecting Empire Luwian and its descendant Iron Age Luwian.<ref>{{harvnb|Yakubovich|2011|pp=540–541}}</ref> Some HLuwian texts were found at Boğazkale, so it was formerly thought to have been a "Hieroglyphic Hittite". The contexts in which CLuwian and HLuwian have been found are essentially distinct. Annick Payne asserts: "With the exception of digraphic seals, the two scripts were never used together."<ref>{{harvnb|Payne|2010|p=2}}.</ref>

HLuwian texts are found on clay, shell, potsherds, pottery, metal, natural rock surfaces, building stone and sculpture, mainly carved lions. The images are in [[relief]] or counter-relief that can be carved or painted. There are also [[seal (emblem)|seals]] and sealings. A sealing is a counter-relief impression of hieroglyphic signs carved or cast in relief on a seal. The resulting signature can be stamped or rolled onto a soft material, such as sealing wax. The HLuwian writing system contains about 500 signs, 225 of which are [[logogram]]s, and the rest purely functional [[determinative]]s and [[syllabogram]]s, representing syllables of the form V, CV, or rarely CVCV.<ref>{{harvnb|Payne|2010|p=6}}.</ref>

HLuwian texts appear as early as the 14th century BC in names and titles on seals and sealings at Hattusa. Longer texts first appear in the 13th century BC. Payne refers to the Bronze Age HLuwian as Empire Luwian. All Hittite and CLuwian came to an end at 1200 BC as part of the [[Late Bronze Age collapse]], but the concept of a "fall" of the Hittite Empire must be tempered in regard to the south, where the civilization of a number of [[Syro-Hittite states]] went on uninterrupted, using HLuwian, which Payne calls Iron-Age Luwian and dates 1000–700 BC. Presumably these autonomous "Neo-Hittite" heads of state no longer needed to report to Hattusa. HLuwian caches come from ten city states in northern Syria and southern Anatolia: [[Cilicia]], [[Charchamesh]], [[Til Barsip|Tell Akhmar]], [[Kahramanmaraş|Maras]], [[Malatya]], [[Commagene]], [[Amuq]], [[Aleppo]], [[Hama]], and [[Tabal (state)|Tabal]].<ref>{{harvnb|Payne|2010|p=3}}.</ref>