Editing Almaty (section)

== Geography ==
Almaty is located in south-eastern Kazakhstan, almost 1000&nbsp;km from the capital Astana. Kyrgyzstan's capital [[Bishkek]] is 190&nbsp;km to the west, while [[Ürümqi]] in China is almost 1000&nbsp;km east.

The region is also home to the [[Mynzhylky mountain plateau|Mynjylky mountain plateau]], an elevated plain located at the source of the Malaya Almaatinka river at an altitude of 3000 meters above sea level.

=== Climate ===
Almaty has a [[Humid continental climate#Hot/warm summer subtype|humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dfa'') with hot summers and cold winters. It is characterized by the influence of [[Mountain breeze and valley breeze|mountain&ndash;valley circulation]]. This is especially evident in the northern part of the city, located directly in the transition zone of the mountain slopes to the plains.

Annual average air temperature is equal to {{convert|10|°C|0|abbr=on}}, the coldest month is January, {{convert|-4.7|°C|0|abbr=on}} (on average), the warmest month (July) {{convert|23.8|°C|0|abbr=on}} (on average). In average years frost starts on about 14 October and ends on about 18 April, with sustained extreme cold from about 19 December to about 23 February, a period of about 67 days. Weather with temperature above {{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}} is average for about 36 days a year. In the center of Almaty, like any large city, there is a [[heat island]]. Therefore, frost in the city center starts about 7 days later and finishes 3 days earlier than in the northern suburbs. Annual precipitation is about {{convert|650|to|700|mm|1|abbr=on}}. April and May are the wettest months, during which about a third of the city's annual precipitation is received.

It is not uncommon to see snow or a cold snap hitting Almaty as late as the end of May. For example, in the last quarter century, such snowfalls were recorded on 13 May 1985, 1 May 1989, 5 May 1993 and 18 May 1998. The record latest snowfall in Almaty was on 17 June 1987.

Almaty sometimes experiences winter rain, despite heavy preceding snowfall and low temperatures. The most memorable winter rain took place on 16 December 1996 during a military parade to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the Independence of the Republic.

Almaty Weather Station's GM mostly records south-easterly wind (30%), its resistance increases during the summer (37%) and falls in winter (19%). Wind speeds exceed 15&nbsp;m/s on about 15 days a year, on average.
{{Weather box
| location = Almaty (1991–2020, extremes 1879–present)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 16.8
| Feb record high C = 21.9
| Mar record high C = 29.8
| Apr record high C = 33.2
| May record high C = 35.8
| Jun record high C = 39.3
| Jul record high C = 41.7
| Aug record high C = 40.5
| Sep record high C = 38.1
| Oct record high C = 31.4
| Nov record high C = 26.5
| Dec record high C = 19.2
| year record high C = 41.7
| Jan high C = 0.5
| Feb high C = 2.7
| Mar high C = 9.9
| Apr high C = 17.8
| May high C = 22.9
| Jun high C = 27.9
| Jul high C = 30.5
| Aug high C = 29.7
| Sep high C = 24.5
| Oct high C = 16.9
| Nov high C = 8.1
| Dec high C = 2.0
| year high C = 16.1
| Jan mean C = -4.6
| Feb mean C = -2.4
| Mar mean C = 4.5
| Apr mean C = 12.1
| May mean C = 17.1
| Jun mean C = 22.1
| Jul mean C = 24.4
| Aug mean C = 23.3
| Sep mean C = 18.0
| Oct mean C = 10.6
| Nov mean C = 2.9
| Dec mean C = -2.7
| year mean C = 10.4
| Jan low C = -8.1
| Feb low C = -6.2
| Mar low C = -0.2
| Apr low C = 6.8
| May low C = 11.5
| Jun low C = 16.4
| Jul low C = 18.6
| Aug low C = 17.3
| Sep low C = 12.0
| Oct low C = 5.3
| Nov low C = -1.0
| Dec low C = -6.1
| year low C = 5.5
| Jan record low C = -30.1
| Feb record low C = -37.7
| Mar record low C = -24.8
| Apr record low C = -10.9
| May record low C = -7.0
| Jun record low C = 2.0
| Jul record low C = 7.3
| Aug record low C = 4.7
| Sep record low C = -3.0
| Oct record low C = -11.9
| Nov record low C = -34.1
| Dec record low C = -31.8
| year record low C = -37.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 34.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 42.6
| Mar precipitation mm = 72.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 112.4
| May precipitation mm = 98.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 59.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 42.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 33.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 27.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 49.8
| Nov precipitation mm = 55.3
| Dec precipitation mm = 44.3
| year precipitation mm = 
| Jan snow depth cm = 15
| Feb snow depth cm = 14
| Mar snow depth cm = 5
| Apr snow depth cm = 0
| May snow depth cm = 0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0
| Oct snow depth cm = 1
| Nov snow depth cm = 2
| Dec snow depth cm = 8
| year snow depth cm = 15
| Jan humidity = 77
| Feb humidity = 79
| Mar humidity = 71
| Apr humidity = 59
| May humidity = 56
| Jun humidity = 49
| Jul humidity = 46
| Aug humidity = 45
| Sep humidity = 49
| Oct humidity = 64
| Nov humidity = 74
| Dec humidity = 79
| year humidity = 62
| Jan rain days = 4
| Feb rain days = 5
| Mar rain days = 11
| Apr rain days = 14
| May rain days = 15
| Jun rain days = 15
| Jul rain days = 15
| Aug rain days = 10
| Sep rain days = 9
| Oct rain days = 10
| Nov rain days = 8
| Dec rain days = 6
| year rain days = 122
| Jan snow days = 11
| Feb snow days = 13
| Mar snow days = 8
| Apr snow days = 2
| May snow days = 0.2
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0.1
| Oct snow days = 2
| Nov snow days = 6
| Dec snow days = 11
| year snow days = 53
| Jan sun = 112.0
| Feb sun = 119.0
| Mar sun = 163.0
| Apr sun = 187.8
| May sun = 235.3
| Jun sun = 260.0
| Jul sun = 280.3
| Aug sun = 277.7
| Sep sun = 243.6
| Oct sun = 188.9
| Nov sun = 116.6
| Dec sun = 94.0
| year sun = 2278.2
| source 1 = Pogoda.ru<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/36870.htm |title=Climate of Almaty |publisher=Погода и Климат |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214034648/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/36870.htm |archive-date=14 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NOAA]]<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Kazakhstan/XLS/ALMATYOGMS_36870.xls |title=Almaty Climate Normals 1991–2020 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120054700/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Kazakhstan/XLS/ALMATYOGMS_36870.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

===Seismic activity in the territory of Kazakhstan===
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2013}}
Industrially developed and densely populated areas in the south and southeast of Kazakhstan are situated in the zones where the maximum magnitudes of expected earthquakes are from 6.0 to 8.3 (the intensity of I0=8–10).

The south seismic active zone of Kazakhstan is a part of the North Tian-Shan ridge system. The main city of Almaty is located near the Zailiski Alatau mountain base. In recorded history prior to the late 19th century, three catastrophic earthquakes are known to have taken place there. The following are the dates of occurrence and extracts from the historical chronicles of the times:

* 1770, "...Belovodka village was buried";
* 1807, "a horrible catastrophe took place in Almaty";
* 1865, strong earthquake.

Within the past 125 years, three more strong destructive earthquakes occurred here, with centres not more than {{convert|20-130|km|mi|round=5}} from the current city location. Their magnitudes were 9 and 11 on the MSK scale – 64, and their centres were located within {{convert|100|km|mi|round=5}}. Centres were located in a south and south–east directions:
* (1887 y., K=17.14) Vernenskoe
* (1889 y., K=19.12) Chilik
* (1911 y., K=18.76) Keminskoe

K – indicates the energy of the earthquake.

In each of these earthquakes, the city suffered wide destruction.<ref>(Baimakhan, Dashdorj, 2006)</ref>

The Territory of the Kyrgyz State adjoins North Tian-Shan.<ref>(Aitmatov, Kojogulov, Nikolskaya, 1994.).</ref>