Editing Algerian War (section)

=== Week of barricades ===
<!-- This section is linked from [[Organisation armée secrète]]. -->
[[File:Semaine des barricades Alger 1960 Haute Qualité.jpg|thumb|Barricades in Algiers, January 1960. The banner reads: "Long live Massu" (''Vive Massu'').]]

Convinced that de Gaulle had betrayed them, some units of European volunteers (''Unités Territoriales'') in Algiers led by student leaders [[Pierre Lagaillarde]] and [[Jean-Jacques Susini]], café owner Joseph Ortiz, and lawyer [[Jean-Baptiste Biaggi]] staged an insurrection in the Algerian capital starting on 24 January 1960, and known in France as {{ill|Week of barricades|lt=''La semaine des barricades''|fr|Semaine des barricades}} ("the week of barricades"). The ''ultras'' incorrectly believed that they would be supported by Massu. The insurrection order was given by Colonel Jean Garde of the Fifth Bureau. As the army, police, and supporters stood by, civilian ''pieds-noirs'' threw up barricades in the streets and seized government buildings. General Maurice Challe, responsible for the army in Algeria, declared Algiers under [[siege]], but forbade the troops to fire on the insurgents. Nevertheless, six rioters were killed during shooting on [[Boulevard Mohamed-Khemisti|Boulevard Laferrière]].

In Paris on 29 January 1960, de Gaulle called on his ineffective army to remain loyal and rallied popular support for his Algerian policy in a televised address:

<blockquote>I took, in the name of France, the following decision—the Algerians will have the free choice of their destiny. When, in one way or another – by ceasefire or by complete crushing of the rebels – we will have put an end to the fighting, when, after a prolonged period of appeasement, the population will have become conscious of the stakes and, thanks to us, realised the necessary progress in political, economic, social, educational, and other domains. Then it will be the Algerians who will tell us what they want to be.... Your French of Algeria, how can you listen to the liars and the conspirators who tell you that, if you grant free choice to the Algerians, France and de Gaulle want to abandon you, retreat from Algeria, and deliver you to the rebellion?.... I say to all of our soldiers: your mission comprises neither equivocation nor interpretation. You have to liquidate the rebellious forces, which want to oust France from Algeria and impose on this country its dictatorship of misery and sterility.... Finally, I address myself to France. Well, well, my dear and old country, here we face together, once again, a serious ordeal. In virtue of the mandate that the people have given me and of the national legitimacy, which I have embodied for 20 years, I ask everyone to support me whatever happens.<ref>French: "''J'ai pris, au nom de la France, la décision que voici: les Algériens auront le libre choix de leur destin. Quand d'une manière ou d'une autre – conclusion d'un cessez-le-feu ou écrasement total des rebelles – nous aurons mis un terme aux combats, quand, ensuite, après une période prolongée d'apaisement, les populations auront pu prendre conscience de l'enjeu et, d'autre part, accomplir, grâce à nous, les progrès nécessaires dans les domaines, politique, économique, social, scolaire, etc., alors ce seront les Algériens qui diront ce qu'ils veulent être. ... Français d'Algérie, comment pouvez-vous écouter les menteurs et les conspirateurs qui vous disent qu'en accordant le libre choix aux Algériens, la France et De Gaulle veulent vous abandonner, se retirer de l'Algérie et vous livrer à la rébellion? ... Je dis à tous nos soldats: votre mission ne comporte ni équivoque, ni interprétation. Vous avez à liquider la force rebelle qui veut chasser la France de l'Algérie et faire régner sur ce pays sa dictature de misère et de stérilité. ... Enfin, je m'adresse à la France. Eh bien! mon cher et vieux pays, nous voici donc ensemble, encore une fois, face à une lourde épreuve. En vertu du mandat que le peuple m'a donné et de la légitimité nationale que j'incarne depuis vingt ans (sic), je demande à tous et à toutes de me soutenir quoi qu'il arrive''".</ref></blockquote>

Most of the Army heeded his call, and the siege of Algiers ended on 1 February with Lagaillarde surrendering to General Challe's command of the French Army in Algeria. The loss of many ''ultra'' leaders who were imprisoned or transferred to other areas did not deter the French Algeria militants. Sent to prison in Paris and then paroled, Lagaillarde fled to Spain. There, with another French army officer, [[Raoul Salan]], who had entered [[clandestine operation|clandestinely]], and with Jean-Jacques Susini, he created the ''[[Organisation armée secrète]]'' (Secret Army Organization, OAS) on December 3, 1960, with the purpose of continuing the fight for French Algeria. Highly organized and well-armed, the OAS stepped up its terrorist activities, which were directed against both Algerians and pro-government French citizens, as the move toward negotiated settlement of the war and self-determination gained momentum. To the FLN rebellion against France were added civil wars between extremists in the two communities and between the ''ultras'' and the French government in Algeria.

Beside Pierre Lagaillarde, Jean-Baptiste Biaggi was also imprisoned, while [[Alain de Sérigny]] was arrested, and [[Joseph Ortiz (activist)|Joseph Ortiz]]'s [[Front national français|FNF]] dissolved, as well as General [[Lionel Chassin]]'s [[Mouvement populaire du 13-Mai|MP-13]]. De Gaulle also modified the government, excluding [[Jacques Soustelle]], believed to be too pro-French Algeria, and granting the Minister of Information to [[Louis Terrenoire]], who quit [[Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française|RTF]] (French broadcasting TV). [[Pierre Messmer]], who had been a member of the [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]], was named Minister of Defense, and dissolved the Fifth Bureau, the [[psychological warfare]] branch, which had ordered the rebellion. These units had theorized the principles of a [[counter-revolutionary war]], including the use of torture. During the [[Indochina War]] (1947–54), officers such as [[Roger Trinquier]] and [[Lionel-Max Chassin]] were inspired by Mao Zedong's strategic doctrine and acquired knowledge of [[crowd psychology|convince the population]] to support the fight. The officers were initially trained in the ''[[Centre d'instruction et de préparation à la contre-guérilla]]'' (Arzew). [[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]] added to that the ''[[Centre d'entraînement à la guerre subversive Jeanne-d'Arc]]'' (Center of Training to Subversive War Joan of Arc) in [[Skikda|Philippeville]], Algeria, directed by Colonel Marcel Bigeard.
The French army officers' uprising was due to a perceived second betrayal by the government, the first having been [[Indochina War|Indochina]] (1947–1954). In some aspects the Dien Bien Phu garrison was sacrificed with no metropolitan support, order was given to commanding officer [[Christian de Castries|General de Castries]] to "let the affair die of its own, in serenity" ("''laissez mourir l'affaire d'elle même en sérénité''"<ref name="ena">{{cite web|url=http://www.ena.lu/mce.cfm|publisher=ena.lu|title=Accueil – CVCE Website - French Army audio archives|access-date=2017-02-04|archive-date=23 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023025336/http://www.ena.lu/mce.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref>).

The opposition of the [[Union Nationale des Étudiants de France|UNEF]] student trade-union to the participation of conscripts in the war led to a secession in May 1960, with the creation of the ''[[Federation of Nationalist Students|Fédération des étudiants nationalistes]]'' (FEN, Federation of Nationalist Students) around [[Dominique Venner]], a former member of [[Jeune Nation]] and of [[MP-13|MP13]], [[François d'Orcival]] and [[Alain de Benoist]], who would theorize in the 1980s the "[[New Right]]" movement. The FEN then published the ''Manifeste de la classe 60''.

A [[Front national pour l'Algérie française]] (FNAF, National Front for French Algeria) was created in June 1960 in Paris, gathering around de Gaulle's former Secretary Jacques Soustelle, [[Claude Dumont]], [[Georges Sauge]], [[Yvon Chautard]], [[Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour]] (who later competed in the [[1965 French presidential election|1965 presidential election]]), [[Jacques Isorni]], [[Victor Barthélemy]], [[François Brigneau]] and Jean-Marie Le Pen. Another ''ultra'' rebellion occurred in December 1960, which led de Gaulle to dissolve the FNAF.

After the publication of the ''[[Manifeste des 121]]'' against the use of torture and the war,<ref name="marxists">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/history/france/algerian-war/1960/manifesto-121.htm|author=Jean-Paul Sartre|author2=Henri Curiel|display-authors=et al|publisher=marxists.org|title=Declaration on the Right to Insubordination in the War in Algeria by 121 French citizens - Manifeste des 121, transl. in English|access-date=2017-01-13|archive-date=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120070530/https://www.marxists.org/history/france/algerian-war/1960/manifesto-121.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> the opponents to the war created the [[Rassemblement de la gauche démocratique]] (Assembly of the Democratic Left), which included the [[French Section of the Workers' International]] (SFIO) socialist party, the [[Radical Party (France)|Radical-Socialist Party]], [[Force ouvrière]] (FO) trade union, [[Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens]] trade-union, UNEF trade-union, etc., which supported de Gaulle against the ''ultras''.